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Burial tree

A burial tree or burial scaffold is a tree or simple structure used for supporting corpses or coffins. They were once common among the Balinese, the Naga people, certain Aboriginal Australians, and the Sioux and other North American First Nations.[1]

Inuit tree burial, Leaf River, Quebec, c. 1924–1936

North America First Nations

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Burial tree

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A number of Native Americans used a burial tree as either a final or intermediate resting place for a dead relative, either as the general rule (along with a scaffold) or as an alternative to a grave.[2]: 87 [3]: 99 

The corpse was wrapped up carefully in a robe or blankets and either placed in a fork of the tree[4]: 67  or tied to a heavy branch.[5]: 83  Both grown persons and small children were laid to rest in this way.[5]: 83, 385  A burial tree could carry more than one dead.[5]: 112  Maximilian zu Wied saw burial trees with red painted trunk and branches among the Assiniboine Indians.[6]: 45–46  It seems any tree was proper. Cottonwood[5]: 112  is mentioned by travelers on the great plains, as well as pine[5]: 83  and cedar.[7]: 69  The dead could be placed from around six feet up in the tree to close to the top.[5]: 112  Some of the belongings of the deceased were often placed near the corpse.

Scaffold

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A burial scaffold was usually made of four upright poles or branches, forked at the top. This foundation carried a sort of bier, where the dead body was laid to rest out of reach of wolves. The preferred location was on a hill.[5]: 83  Relatives would often place some of the belongings of the dead on the platform or around the scaffold.[2]: 87 

 
Indian burial ground. S. Eastman
 
Funeral scaffold of a Sioux chief 0044v. Something like a travois basket is placed over the muffled up body. The Cheyennes used now and then the same method of protecting the corpse.

The poles reached "a mans height above ground" (six to eight feet).[2]: 87 [8]: 102 [9]: 20  An extraordinarily high scaffold carried the corpse of a Sisseton Sioux an estimated 18 feet above the ground.[6]: 23  One scaffold described had poles painted black and red in horizontal stripes.[10]: 75  An 1849 Nebraska traveler saw a scaffold made of lodge poles rested against each other at the top and with two biers halfway down.[8]: 102 

An Ojibwe man would get his arms and other personal effects with him on the scaffold along with food, eating utensils and tobacco.[2]: 87  This practice may have been used only as a temporary solution when death occurred far from the common burial ground with graves and markers. Birch bark served as an option to a body wrapping of skin among the Ojibwe.[11]: 76 

In the 18th century, the Choctaw placed the dead on a scaffold as a first step in a burial process. Months later, bone pickers stripped the flesh from the bones. The skeleton was then cleaned and piece by piece put in a sort of small coffin and lastly placed in the Indian city's special bone house.[12]: 94 

The personal effects of an Indian woman were laid with her in an open pine box (likely made by a carpenter) situated on a scaffold put up near Fort Laramie in 1866. The heads and tails of her two ponies were fastened to respectively the eastern and the western poles.[9]: 21 

Among the Crow, the dead was wrapped in a robe and placed on the bier with the feet to the east. Much later, the bones could be collected and placed in a rock gap.[4]: 67 

The Mandan Indians positioned the dead body on the scaffold with the feet to the southeast, so the spirit was directed to the old Mandan country around Heart River, North Dakota.[3]: 99  With the scaffold rotten and on the ground, the bones were wrapped in a hide and buried in the refuse at the Mandan village or in a riverbank.[3]: 101  The skull would be placed among other clan skulls arranged in circles on the ground near the scaffolds.[3]: 100  Newborns, who died unnamed, were not considered members of the society and hence placed in trees (or buried) away from the common burial ground outside the village.[3]: 98 

Reasons for burials in trees and on scaffolds

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During winter, the Ponca Indians would often substitute a grave with a scaffold because the ground was frozen.[13]: 155  A Lakota summed up the reasons why a high scaffold outdid a grave, "(1) Animals or persons might walk over the graves; (2) the dead might lie in mud and water after rain or snow; (3) wolves might dig up the bodies and devour them."[14]: 486  With the dead placed on a scaffold or in a tree, the relatives could easily talk to the deceased.[15]: 571 

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  • Tombs of Assiniboin Indians on trees 0063v. Maximilian zu Wied saw the bodies of Assiniboine Indians placed like this during his travel up Missouri River in 1833. Picture by Karl Bodmer. 
    Tombs of Assiniboin Indians on trees 0063v. Maximilian zu Wied saw the bodies of Assiniboine Indians placed like this during his travel up Missouri River in 1833. Picture by Karl Bodmer.
  • A tree burial and a scaffold – used by a number of Indians in North America 
    A tree burial and a scaffold – used by a number of Indians in North America

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Tree burial | funeral custom | Britannica".
  2. ^ a b c d Wood, W. Raymond and Thomas D. Thiessen (1987): Early Fur Trade on the Northern Plains. Canadian Traders Among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738–1818. Norman and London.
  3. ^ a b c d e Bowers, Alfred W.(1991): Mandan Social and Ceremonial Organization. Moscow.
  4. ^ a b Lowie, Robert H. (1983): The Crow Indians. Lincoln and London.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Doyle, Susan B. (2000): Journeys to the Land of Gold. Emigrant Diaries from the Bozeman Trail, 1863–1866. Helena.
  6. ^ a b Bushnell Jr., D. I. (1927): Burials of the Algonquian, Siouan and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 83. Washington.
  7. ^ Unrau, William E. (1990): Tending the Talking Wire. A Buck Soldier's View of Indian Country, 1863–1866. Salt Lake City.
  8. ^ a b Jensen, Richard E, ed. (2004). "'1,000 Miles From Home on the Wild Prairie': Charles B Darwin's 1849 Nebraska Diary" (PDF). Nebraska History. 85 (2): 58–114.[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^ a b Templeton, George M.: Diaries, 1866–1868. (Typescript). The Newberry Library, Chicago.
  10. ^ Libby, Orin G. (1920): The Arikara Narrative. Bismarck.
  11. ^ Densmore, Frances (1929): Chippewa Customs. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 86. Washington.
  12. ^ Bushnell Jr., D. I. (1920): Native Cemeteries and Forms of Burial East of the Mississippi. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 71. Washington.
  13. ^ Howard, J.H (1965): The Ponca Tribe. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 195. Washington.
  14. ^ Dorsey, J.O (1894): A Study of Siouan Cults. Smithsonian Institution. 11th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. 1889–90. Washington.
  15. ^ Denig, E. T. (1930): The Assiniboine. Smithsonian Institution. 46th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. 1928–29. Washington.
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