A bedesten (variants: bezistan, bezisten, bedestan) is a type of covered market or market hall which was historically found in the cities of the Ottoman Empire. It was typically the central building of the commercial district of an Ottoman town or city, where the most important and precious goods (like gold and jewellery) were kept and sold. Its function was comparable or equivalent to that of a qaysariyya in other (usually Arabic-speaking) regions, though the architecture of the latter could be different and be similar to that of a bazaar with its own streets.[1]: 59, 255
Etymology
editThe origin of the word is from Persian بزازستان bazzāzestān, which means 'place of drapers'.[2] The word includes Persian suffix -istan.[3] Ottomans pronounced it as Bazzistan and Bedesten.[2]
History and function
editThe bedesten is a type of building that developed in the early Ottoman architecture of the 15th century.[4] Bedestens originally began as a place to house fabric and textile sellers but eventually more precious goods were stored here. As this type of building was more secure and could be locked at night, it became the place where the most important goods (e.g. gold and jewellery) were stored, protected, regulated, and sold.[4][5] Besides the trading of jewellery and textiles, slaves were also sold in bedestens.[6]
Expert merchants in bedestans also assisted in commercial disputes, and in some cases officials were employed here to carry out similar regulatory duties.[citation needed] Waqf agreements (inalienable trusts in Islamic law) governed the function and upkeep of the bedesten and could provide salaries for these employees.[4] Tenants could even rent booths in the bedesten from these waqfs.[6] The bedesten was such an important building that during Ottoman times cities were often classified under two categories: cities with a bedesten and cities without a bedesten.[7]
The first major bedestens were constructed in the capitals of the Ottoman Empire which served as economic hubs of the empire. The bedesten of Bursa was built in the late 14th century by Sultan Yildirim Bayezid I during his reign between 1389 and 1402.[8][4] The bedesten of Edirne was built by Sultan Mehmed I between 1413 and 1421.[4] The first Bedesten in Istanbul, variously known as the Inner Bedesten (Iç Bedesten), Old Bedesten (Eski Bedesten or Bedesten-i Atik), or the Jewellers' Bedesten (Cevahir Bedesteni), was built on the orders of Sultan Mehmed II Fatih between 1456 and 1461, soon after his conquest of the city.[9][10] A second bedesten, the Sandal Bedesten, also known as the Small Bedesten (Küçük Bedesten) or New Bedesten (Bedesten-i Cedid), was built by Mehmed II about a dozen years later.[9][11] These two bedestens formed the original core of Istanbul's Grand Bazaar, which grew around them over the following generations.[9][11] Some Ottoman bedestens, including the ones in Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, are still operating as commercial centers today.[4]
Architecture
editBedestens normally have a rectangular floor plan, with a main chamber inside covered by domes and walled-off from the outside except for designated doorways. Their design was derived in part from the design of Ottoman mosques.[12][how?] Often there were shops on the outside perimeter, but the interior chamber was where the most important goods were stored and sold.[7]
Examples of bedestens
editNumerous bedestens were built during the Ottoman Empire, a number of which have survived today. Some of the most notable examples include the following:
- Iç Bedesten in the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul (built between 1456 and 1461)[9]
- Sandal Bedesten in the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul (built shortly after the Iç Bedesten)[9]
- Bedesten of Bursa, Turkey (built between 1389 and 1402)[8]
- Bedesten of Edirne, Turkey (built between 1413 and 1421)[4]
- Mahmut Paşa Bedesten in Ankara, Turkey (built in late 15th century; today it houses part of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations)[13]
- Gazi-Husrev Beg's Bezistan in Baščaršija, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.[14]
- Brusa Bezistan, also in Sarajevo[15]
- Bezistan in Old Bazaar, Skopje, Macedonia
- Bezistan in Bitola, Macedonia[16]
- Bedesten of Serres, Greece (today it houses the Archaeological Museum of Serres)[17]
- Bedesten of Larissa, Greece
- Bedesten in Nicosia, Cyprus (originally a Greek Orthodox church from the 6th and 14th centuries, architecturally different from all other Ottoman bedestens)[18]
- Bedesten of Thessaloniki, Greece[19]
There are also reproductions after the Ottoman era, such as Bezistan, Belgrade.
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Interior of the Bedesten of Bursa (late 14th century)
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Interior of the Bedesten of Edirne (early 15th century)
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Interior of the Old Bedesten of the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul, built by Sultan Mehmed II between 1456 and 1461
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Old photograph of the Mahmut Paşa Bedesten in Ankara, before restoration
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The Mahmut Paşa Bedesten in Ankara today, housing the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
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Interior of the Mahmut Paşa Bedesten today, part of the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
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Detail of the Bedesten of Larissa, Greece
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Entrance of Gazi-Husrev Beg's Bezistan of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Interior of the Gazi-Husrev Beg's Bezistan in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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References
edit- ^ Khadra Jayyusi, Salma; Renata Holod; Attilio Petruccioli; André Raymond (2008). "The Ottoman cities on the Balkans". The city in the Islamic world. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. p. 149. ISBN 978-90-04-16240-2. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Kamusi Osmani". Archived from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
- ^ Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. Springer-Verlag. 1974. p. 226. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Öney, Gönül; Bulut, Lale; Çakmak, Şakir; Daş, Ertan; Demir, Aydoğan; Demiralp, Yekta; Ünal, Rahmi H. (2013). Early Ottoman Art: The Legacy of the Emirates. Museum With No Frontiers.
- ^ Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City (Revised ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 157.
- ^ a b An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. 1997. p. 578. ISBN 978-0-521-57456-3.
- ^ a b Kreiser, Klaus: „Bedesten-Bauten im Osmanischen Reich. Ein vorläufiger Überblick auf Grund der Schriftquellen.“, in: Istanbuler Mitteilungen (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Istanbul) 2, pp.367-400 (Tübingen 1979), reprint in Istanbul und das Osmanische Reich. Derwischwesen, Baugeschichte, Inschriftenkunde. Istanbul: Isis 1995. 286 S. (Analecta Isisiana. 14) pp.61-96.
- ^ a b Köprülü Bağbancı, Özlem (2012). "Commerce in the Emerging Empire: Formation of the Ottoman Trade Center in Bursa". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History. Oxford University Press. pp. 97–114. ISBN 9789774165290.
- ^ a b c d e Duranti, Andrea (2012). "A Caravanserai on the Route to Modernity: The Case of the Valide Han of Istanbul". In Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History. Oxford University Press. pp. 229–250. ISBN 9789774165290.
- ^ "Kapalıçarşı". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
- ^ a b Türkoğlu, İnci. "Grand Bazaar". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
- ^ Norris, H. T. (1993). "Glossary". Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world. London: Hurst. p. xiv. ISBN 978-1-85065-167-3. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "Ankara - Anatolian Civilizations Museum". www.ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
- ^ a b "Brusa bezistan (Rustem Pasha bezistan, Small bezistan) with shops, the architectural ensemble". Bosna i Hertegovina - Commission to Preserve National Monuments. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
- ^ "Gazi Husrev-beg bezistan with shops, the architectural ensemble". Bosna i Hertegovina - Commission to Preserve National Monuments. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
- ^ "Bitola bezistan (Covered bazaar)".
- ^ Vasilis Kostovasilis. "Μπεζεστένι Σερρών". Part of the article "Τα Μπεζεστένια - Οι μεγάλες σκεπαστές αγορές", Ελληνικό Πανόραμα, Issue 30 (2002), pp. 102-131. Serres Central Library. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
- ^ Bağışkan, Tuncer (8 November 2014). "Kıbrıs'ta Osmanlı – Türk Eserleri (5)" (in Turkish). Yeni Düzen. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- ^ Αλίκη Σαμουηλίδου - Αιμιλία Στεφανίδου-Φωτιάδου (May 1983). "Η Θεσσαλονίκη κατά την Τουρκοκρατία - Τα τουρκικά μνημεία". Περιοδικό Αρχαιολογία. 7: 62. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02.
Sources
edit- Eyice, Semavi (1992). "Bedesten" (PDF). İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 5 (Balaban - Beşir Ağa) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi. pp. 302–311.