Battle of Amba Alagi (1941)

The Battle of Amba Alagi was fought in May 1941, during World War II, part of the East African Campaign. After the Italian defeat at Keren in April 1941, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta withdrew his forces to the mountain stronghold at Amba Alagi. The mountain had galleries carved into the rock to protect the defending troops and hold ample ammunition and stores and the Italian troops thought themselves to be impregnable. According to other sources, however, the fortress was easily defendable thanks to its position and the mountainous terrain, but lacked food and water, so that Marshal Enrico Caviglia later criticised the Duke for having chosen it for his last stand, calling the Amba Alagi "uno scoglio senz'acqua e senza viveri" ("a rock with neither water nor food").^[3][4] The initial attacks on the approaches to Amba Alagi by British troops under Major-General Mayne from the north, commenced on 4 May with a pincer from the eastern and western sides.

Battle of Amba Alagi
Part of the East African Campaign of World War II
Indian troops running to Amba Alagi
Date 4–19 May 1941 Location Amba Alagi, Italian East Africa 12°59′N 39°33′E / 12.983°N 39.550°E / 12.983; 39.550 Result Allied victory
Belligerents
Italy  Italian East Africa	United Kingdom  South Africa  Ethiopian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta  (POW)	Sir Alan Cunningham William Platt[1] Mosley Mayne
Strength
7,000 (4,000 Italians and 3,000 colonials)	41,000 (regulars & irregulars)
Casualties and losses
3,500 killed or wounded, all survivors captured[2]	Unknown

There was hard fighting in the jagged mountainous terrain but Mayne's troops were joined on 12 May by Brigadier Dan Pienaar's 1st South African Brigade, which had captured the Italian garrison of Dessie (20 April) located 200 miles (320 km) south of Amba Alagi, and by 14 May Amba Alagi was completely surrounded. A final assault was planned for the next day but a lucky strike by an artillery shell hit an Italian fuel dump, sending a stream of oil into the last remaining Italian drinking water, forcing the garrison to end its resistance.^[5]

The Italian commander began ceasefire negotiations on 16 May 1941. The Duke of Aosta and his garrison surrendered to the British commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham, on 19 May 1941.^[6] The Duke and the garrison were accorded the honours of war.^[7][8][9] This capitulation marked the end of any significant Italian control on East Africa, although some garrisons would continue to fight until 1943.^[10]

The film La pattuglia dell'Amba Alagi, shot in 1953 by Flavio Calzavara, glorifies the Italian defence against the British.