Battle of Carchemish

Battle of Carchemish
	Part of the Egyptian–Babylonian wars
	; The Battle of Carchemish, as depicted in Hutchinson's Story of the Nations (1900)
Date	c. 605 BC
Location	Carchemish
Result	Babylonian and Median victory; End of the Egyptian intervention in the Near East;
Belligerents
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt; Remnants of the army of the former Neo-Assyrian Empire	Neo-Babylonian Empire; Median Empire; Scythian Kingdom (?)
Commanders and leaders
Necho II	Nebuchadnezzar II; Cyaxares(?)
Casualties and losses
Heavy	Minimal

The Battle of Carchemish was fought around 605 BC^[3]^[4]^[5] between the armies of Egypt allied with the remnants of the army of the former Assyrian Empire against the armies of Babylonia, allied with the Medes, and Scythians. This was while Nebuchadnezzar II was commander-in-chief and Nabopolassar was still king of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar became king a few weeks after this battle.^[6]

Background

When the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, was overrun by the Medes, Scythians, Babylonians and their allies in 612 BC, the Assyrians moved their capital to Harran. When Harran was captured by the alliance in 609 BC,^[7] ending the Assyrian Empire, remnants of the Assyrian army joined Carchemish, a city under Egyptian rule, on the Euphrates. Egypt, a former vassal of Assyria, was allied with Assyrian King Ashur-uballit II and marched in 609 BC to his aid against the Babylonians.^[8]

The Egyptian army of Pharaoh Necho II was delayed at Megiddo by the forces of King Josiah of Judah. Josiah was killed, and his army was defeated at the Battle of Megiddo.^[9]

The Egyptians and the Assyrians together crossed the Euphrates and laid siege to Harran, which they failed to retake. They then retreated to northwestern Assyria in what is now northeastern Syria.

Battle

The Egyptians met the full might of the Babylonian and Median army led by Nebuchadnezzar II at Carchemish, where the combined Egyptian and Assyrian forces were destroyed. Assyria ceased to exist as an independent power, and Egypt retreated and was no longer a significant force in the Ancient Near East. Babylonia reached its economic peak after 605 BC.^[10]

Records

The Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle, now housed in the British Museum, claims that Nebuchadnezzar "crossed the river to go against the Egyptian army which lay in Karchemiš. They fought with each other and the Egyptian army withdrew before him. He accomplished their defeat, decisively. As for the rest of the Egyptian army which had escaped from the defeat so quickly that no weapon had reached them, in the district of Hamath, the Babylonian troops overtook and defeated them so that not a single man escaped to his own country. At that time, Nebuchadnezzar conquered the whole area of Hamath."^[11]

The battle is also mentioned and described in the Bible, in the Book of Jeremiah.^[12]

Discrepancy

While historians typically take Necho II to have been fighting in support of the remaining Assyrian forces,^[13] according to Flavius Josephus, in his account, Antiquities of the Jews^[14] Necho entered the battle to take advantage of the power vacuum created by the Assyrian forces' defeat.

Notes

^ Neciyev, Elnur. "The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 2: The Median And Achaemenian Periods. edited by Ilya Gershevitch. Cambridge University Press, 1985. 929 pp": 124. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Encyclopedia Iranica "After the fall of Ḥarran, the strategic center of Assyrian resistance was moved to Carchemish, a city on the Upper Euphrates, which at that time belonged to Egypt. Carchemish was captured by the Babylonians in 605 BCE. It is not clear whether the Medes also participated in this final defeat of the Assyrians"
^ Horn, Siegfried H (1967). "THE BABYLONIAN CHRONICLE AND THE ANCIENT CALENDAR OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH". Andrews University Seminary Studies (5/1967): 20. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
^ Wiseman, D. J. (1956). Chronicles of Chaldaean Kings (626-556 B.C.). British Museum: British Museum Publications, Ltd. p. 99.
^ British Museum. "Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605-594 BC)". britishmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
^ Hill, Andrew; Walton, John (2009). A survey of the Old Testament (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. p. 197. ISBN 9780310280958.
^ Grant, R.G. (2005). Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 18.
^ Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq
^ The Bible, 2 Kings 23:29-30, 2 Chronicles 35:20-23
^ King, Philip J., 1993 Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion, Westminster/John Knox Press p.22 [1]
^ "Chronicle Concerning the Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar II. Retrieved July 18, 2010". Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
^ The Bible, Jeremiah 46:3–12
^ Seidl, Theodor. "Carchemish in Near Eastern Historiography and in the Old Testament" (PDF). Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^ "Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 10, Whiston chapter 5, Whiston section 1". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-07.

36°49′47″N 38°00′54″E / 36.8297°N 38.0150°E / 36.8297; 38.0150

[1] Neciyev, Elnur. "The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 2: The Median And Achaemenian Periods. edited by Ilya Gershevitch. Cambridge University Press, 1985. 929 pp": 124. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[2] Encyclopedia Iranica "After the fall of Ḥarran, the strategic center of Assyrian resistance was moved to Carchemish, a city on the Upper Euphrates, which at that time belonged to Egypt. Carchemish was captured by the Babylonians in 605 BCE. It is not clear whether the Medes also participated in this final defeat of the Assyrians"

[3] Horn, Siegfried H (1967). "THE BABYLONIAN CHRONICLE AND THE ANCIENT CALENDAR OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH". Andrews University Seminary Studies (5/1967): 20. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 4 August 2014.

[4] Wiseman, D. J. (1956). Chronicles of Chaldaean Kings (626-556 B.C.). British Museum: British Museum Publications, Ltd. p. 99.

[5] British Museum. "Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605-594 BC)". britishmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 2014-10-30. Retrieved 4 August 2014.

[6] Hill, Andrew; Walton, John (2009). A survey of the Old Testament (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan. p. 197. ISBN 9780310280958.

[Grant1-7] Grant, R.G. (2005). Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 18.

[8] Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq

[9] The Bible, 2 Kings 23:29-30, 2 Chronicles 35:20-23

[10] King, Philip J., 1993 Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion, Westminster/John Knox Press p.22 [1]

[11] "Chronicle Concerning the Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar II. Retrieved July 18, 2010". Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.

[12] The Bible, Jeremiah 46:3–12

[13] Seidl, Theodor. "Carchemish in Near Eastern Historiography and in the Old Testament" (PDF). Retrieved March 11, 2021.

[14] "Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 10, Whiston chapter 5, Whiston section 1". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-07.

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