Basanite (/ˈbæs.əˌnaɪt/) is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. It is composed mostly of feldspathoids, pyroxenes, olivine, and calcic plagioclase and forms from magma low in silica and enriched in alkali metal oxides that solidifies rapidly close to the Earth's surface.
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Description
editBasanite is an aphanitic (fine-grained) igneous rock that is low in silica and enriched in alkali metals. Of its total content of quartz, feldspar, and feldspathoid (QAPF), between 10% and 60% by volume is feldspathoid and over 90% of the feldspar is plagioclase. Quartz is never present. This places basanite in the basanite/tephrite field of the QAPF diagram. Basanite is further distinguished from tephrite by having a normative olivine content greater than 10%. While the IUGS recommends classification by mineral content whenever possible, volcanic rock can be glassy or so fine-grained that this is impractical, and then the rock is classified chemically using the TAS classification. Basanite then falls into the U1 (basanite-tephrite) field of the TAS diagram. Basanite is again distinguished from tephrite by its normative olivine content and from nephelinite by a normative albite content of over 5% and a normative nepheline content under 20%.[1][2]
The mineral assembly in basanite is usually abundant feldspathoids (nepheline or leucite), plagioclase, and augite, together with olivine and lesser iron-titanium oxides such as ilmenite and magnetite-ulvospinel; minor alkali feldspar may be present. Clinopyroxene (augite) and olivine are common as phenocrysts and in the matrix.[3] The augite contains significantly greater titanium, aluminium and sodium than that in typical tholeiitic basalt.[4] Quartz is absent, as are orthopyroxene and pigeonite.[5]
Chemically, basanites are mafic. They are low in silica (42 to 45% SiO2) and high in alkalis (3 to 5.5% Na2O and K2O) compared to basalt, which typically contains more SiO2, as evident on the diagram used for TAS classification. Nephelinite is yet richer in Na2O plus K2O compared to SiO2.
Occurrences
editBasanite appears early in the alkaline magma series and basanites are found wherever alkaline magma is erupted.[7] This includes both continental and ocean island settings. Together with basalts, they are produced by hotspot volcanism, for example in the Hawaiian Islands, the Comoros Islands[8] and the Canary Islands.[3] They are particularly common in areas of rifting.[9]
During eruption of the Laacher See caldera some 12,900 years ago, the final phase of the eruption, which tapped the deepest part of the magma chamber, produced basanite lapilli mixed with phonolite lapilli.[10] This has been interpreted as fresh magma injected into the magma chamber that may have helped trigger the eruption.[11]
Eruption of basanite and other alkaline magmas characterizes the late alkaline phase (rejuvenation phase)[12] of volcanic islands, which often comes 3 to 5 million years after the main shield-building phase.[13]
See also
edit- Limburgite – type of volcanic rock
References
edit- ^ Le Bas, M. J.; Streckeisen, A. L. (1991). "The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks". Journal of the Geological Society. 148 (5): 825–833. Bibcode:1991JGSoc.148..825L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.4446. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825. S2CID 28548230.
- ^ "Rock Classification Scheme - Vol 1 - Igneous" (PDF). British Geological Survey: Rock Classification Scheme. 1: 1–52. 1999.
- ^ a b Carracedo, J. C.; V. R. Troll (2016). The Geology of the Canary Islands. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/C2015-0-04268-X. ISBN 978-0-12-809663-5. OCLC 951031503.
- ^ Weis, Franz A.; Skogby, Henrik; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Dahren, Börje (2015). "Magmatic water contents determined through clinopyroxene: Examples from the Western Canary Islands, Spain". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 16 (7): 2127–2146. Bibcode:2015GGG....16.2127W. doi:10.1002/2015GC005800. hdl:10553/72171. ISSN 1525-2027.
- ^ Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996). Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 164–165. ISBN 0716724383.
- ^ "Livia". Image Collections Digital (NGA Exhibitions, 2008–2009). National Gallery of Art Library. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–148. ISBN 9780521880060.
- ^ "Geochemistry and Petrology of a Miocene Trachyte-Basanite Suite from Mt. Tsaratanana, Northern Madagascar". gsa.confex.com. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2006-04-05.
- ^ Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984). Pyroclastic rocks. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 19–20. ISBN 3540127569.
- ^ Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). Volcanism. Berlin: Springer. p. 33. ISBN 9783540436508.
- ^ Schmincke 2003, p. 205.
- ^ Macdonald, Gordon A.; Abbott, Agatin T.; Peterson, Frank L. (1983). Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii (2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 152–154. ISBN 0824808320.
- ^ Schmincke 2003, pp. 80–81.