The BR Standard steam locomotives were an effort to standardise locomotives from the motley collection of older pre-grouping locos. Construction started in 1951. Due to the controversial British Railways' modernisation plan of 1955, where steam traction was abandoned in favour of diesel and electric traction, many of the locomotives' working lives were very short: between 7 and 17 years. Many have been preserved, mainly due to being sent to Barry Scrapyard.
Ex-WD Austerity engines
editThe first BR standards were the BR ex-WD Austerity 2-8-0 and BR ex-WD Austerity 2-10-0s. They were given the numbers 90000-732 and 90750-774. They were assigned the boiler types BR10 and BR11, and both had the tender type BR5.
Background
editRobert Riddles put his case for continuing to build steam locomotives in his presidential address to the Institution of Locomotive Engineers in November 1950.[1] He compared capital costs to show that steam was cheaper than the alternatives, though he did not mention productivity differences, except to say fuel costs did not rank very high relative to total costs. For example, a Class 5 cost £16,000, compared to £78,100 for a 1,600 h. p. diesel, £138,700 for a gas turbine, or £37,400 for electric. He calculated the costs per drawbar horse power as £13 6s (steam), £65 (diesel), £69 7s (turbine) and £17 13s (electric).[2] Riddles retired in 1953.
Design
editFrom 1951, BR started to build steam locomotives to its own standard designs, which were largely based on LMS practice but incorporating ideas and modifications from the other constituent companies, continental Europe and North America. Their design was overseen by Riddles.
Characteristic features were taper boilers, high running plates, two cylinders and streamlined cabs.
Construction
editAlthough more were ordered, 999 BR "Standards" were constructed: the last, 92220 Evening Star, was built in 1960. Most never achieved their potential service life and were withdrawn in working order.
Construction was split between the ex-LMS works at Crewe, Derby and Horwich, the ex-LNER works at Darlington and Doncaster, the ex-GWR works at Swindon, and the ex-SR works at Brighton.
| Class | Numbers | Power class |
Wheel arr. |
Quantity built |
Dates built |
RA | Tenders types |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class 7 (Britannia) | 70000–70054 | 7MT | 4-6-2 | 55 | January 1951–September 1954 | 8 | BR1, BR1A, BR1D |
| Class 8 (Duke of Gloucester) | 71000 | 8P | 4-6-2 | 1 | May 1954 | 8 | BR1E until 1957, BR1J thereafter |
| Class 6 (Clan) | 72000–72009 | 6P5F | 4-6-2 | 10 | December 1951-March 1952 | 8 | BR1 |
| Class 5 | 73000–73171 | 5MT | 4-6-0 | 172 | April 1951–June 1957 | 7 | BR1, BR1B, BR1C, BR1F, BR1G, BR1H |
| Class 4 4-6-0 | 75000–75079 | 4MT | 4-6-0 | 80 | May 1951–June 1957 | 4 | BR2, BR2A |
| Class 4 2-6-0 | 76000–76114 | 4MT | 2-6-0 | 115 | December 1952–November 1957 | 4 | BR2, BR2A, BR1B |
| Class 3 | 77000–77019 | 3MT | 2-6-0 | 20 | February 1954 to September 1954 | 4 | BR2A |
| Class 2 | 78000–78064 | 2MT | 2-6-0 | 65 | December 1952–November 1956 | 3 | BR3 |
| Class 4 Tank | 80000–80154 | 4MT | 2-6-4T | 155 | June 1951–March 1957 | 5 | — |
| Class 3 Tank | 82000–82044 | 3MT | 2-6-2T | 45 | April 1952–August 1955 | 4 | — |
| Class 2 Tank | 84000–84029 | 2MT | 2-6-2T | 30 | July 1953–June 1957 | 3 | — |
| Class 9F | 92000–92250 | 9F | 2-10-0 | 251 | January 1954–March 1960 | 9 | BR1B, BR1C, BR1F, BR1G |
| Total | 999 | 1951–60 |
Tenders
editThe tenders used with the Standard locomotives were also new designs. There were different types due to the use of different coal-to-water ratios, weight restrictions and later improved designs. It was standard practice for there to be fewer tenders than locomotives, as tenders took little time to overhaul compared to locomotives, locomotives entering works for overhaul would tend to lose their tenders to locomotives leaving works after overhaul.
| Tender Type |
Quantity built |
Years built |
Coal (long tons) |
Water (imp.gal.) |
Weight full (long tons) |
RA | Used with Classes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BR1 | 100 | 1951–53 | 7 | 4,250 | 49.15 | 8, 7, 6 | ||
| BR1A | 5 | 1952 | 7 | 5,000 | 52.50 | 7 | 5,000-gallon version of BR1 | |
| BR1B | 114 | 1955–57 | 7 | 4,725 | 51.25 | 5, 4 (4-6-0), 4 (2-6-0), 9F | ||
| BR1C | 123 | 1954–58 | 9 | 4,725 | 53.25 | 5, 7 | 9-ton version of BR1B | |
| BR1D | 10 | 1954 | 9 | 4,725 | 54.50 | 7 | BR1C with coal pusher | |
| BR1E | 1 | 1954 | 10 | 4,725 | 55.50 | 8 | 10-ton version of BR1D. Rebuilt to BR1C in 1958 | |
| BR1F | 95 | 1954–58 | 7 | 5,625 | 55.25 | 5, 9F | ||
| BR1G | 61 | 1954–60 | 7 | 5,000 | 52.50 | 5, 9F | BR1A updated with fall plate | |
| BR1H | 12 | 1954 | 7 | 4,250 | 49.15 | 5 | BR1 updated with fall plate | |
| BR1J | 1 | 1958 | 10 | 4,325 | 53.70 | 8 | ||
| BR1K | 3 | 1958 | 9 | 4,325 | 52.35 | 9F | Fitted with mechanical stokers. Rebuilt to BR1C in 1961 | |
| BR2 | 95 | 1951–54 | 6 | 3,500 | 42.15 | 4 (4-6-0), 4 (2-6-0) | ||
| BR2A | 88 | 1954–57 | 6 | 3,500 | 42.15 | 4 (4-6-0), 4 (2-6-0), 3 | BR2 updated with fall plate | |
| BR3 | 65 | 1952–56 | 4 | 3,000 | 36.85 | 2 | Updated version of LMS equivalent | |
| Total | 773 |
Preservation
editA total of 46 standards have survived - of these, 38 were rescued from Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Wales. The BR Standard Locomotive Owner's Group provides co-ordination.
| Class | No. preserved | Percentage preserved | Numbers | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 (Britannia) | 2 | 3.6% | 70000/13 | |
| 8 (Duke of Gloucester) | 1 | 100% | 71000 | Has Caprotti valve gear |
| 6 (Clan) | 0 | 0% | – | Replica 72010 “Hengist” under construction |
| 5MT | 5 | 2.9% | 73050/82/96, 73129/56 | 73129 has Caprotti valve gear |
| 4MT 4-6-0 | 6 | 7.5% | 75014/27/29/69/78/79 | |
| 4MT 2-6-0 | 4 | 3.5% | 76017/77/79/84 | |
| 3MT 2-6-0 | 0 | 0% | – | |
| 2MT 2-6-0 | 4 | 6.2% | 78018/19/22/59 | 78059 being rebuilt to a tank version as ‘84030’ |
| 4MT 2-6-4T | 15 | 11.6% | 80002/64/72/78/79/80/97/98, 80100/04/05/35/36/50/51 | |
| 3MT 2-6-2T | 0 | 0% | – | Replica 82045 under construction |
| 2MT 2-6-2T | 0 | 0% | – | One being rebuilt from a standard 2-6-0. |
| 9F | 9 | 3.6% | 92134, 92203/07/12/14/19/20/40/45 | |
| Total | 46 | 4.6% |
New Builds
editThe new build of the 'Clan' class 72010 “Hengist” is progressing steadily.[3] The new build of the Class 3 Tank 82045 is well underway, work continues as of 2021.[4]
References
edit- ^ http://jil.sagepub.com/content/40/218/675.full.pdf+html.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Standardisation and Comparative Costs of Motive Power on B.R.". The Railway Magazine. January 1951. pp. 60–61.
- ^ "Home". theclanproject.org.
- ^ "The 82045 Steam Locomotive Trust : News".