Atlit (Hebrew: עַתְלִית, Arabic: عتليت) is a coastal town located south of Haifa, Israel. The community is in the Hof HaCarmel Regional Council in the Haifa District of Israel.
Atlit
עַתְלִית عتليت | |
|---|---|
| Hebrew transcription(s) | |
| • unofficial | Atlith |
 Atlit | |
  Atlit  Atlit | |
| Coordinates: 32°41′14″N 34°56′18″E / 32.68722°N 34.93833°E | |
| Grid position | formerly 144/234, now 144/232 PAL |
| Country |  Israel |
| District | Haifa |
| Council | Hof HaCarmel |
| Founded | 6900 BCE (Atlit Yam) 13th century(Oirat village) 19th century(Arab village)[1] 1903 (Jewish village settlement) 1948 (Israeli town) |
| Population (2022) | 10,929 |
Off the coast of Atlit is a submerged Neolithic village. The town of Atlit is named after the nearby Crusader outpost and fortified town of Atlit, also known as Château Pèlerin, which although in ruins remained populated until 1948.
The town was established in 1903 under the auspices of Baron Edmond de Rothschild, approximately two kilometers south of the historical site which was then a small Palestinian village. The Atlit detainee camp is nearby, which was used by the British to intern Jewish refugees and is now a museum.[2] From 1950 until the unification of the municipalities in 2003, Atlit was a local council whose jurisdiction was 14,000 dunams. In 2022 the population was 10,929.[3]
History
editNeolithic
editAtlit Yam is an ancient submerged Neolithic village off the coast of Atlit. Atlit-Yam provides the earliest known evidence for an agro-pastoral-marine subsistence system on the Levantine coast.[4]
Bronze Age
editAtlit shows evidence of human habitation since the early Bronze Age.
Crusader period
editThe Crusaders built the historical settlement of Atlit, also known as Château Pèlerin. It was one of the largest citadels in the Holy Land, and became the last remaining Crusader outpost (see also: Fall of Ruad), remaining in Crusader's hands until 1291.[5]
The ruins of the citadel are still visible in modern times. Immediately to the north also lies a large medieval Christian cemetery hosting the graves of men, women and children who lived in the surrounding during the 13th century.[6][7]
Foundation
editIn 1903, Jewish immigrants began to build a nearby village approximately 2 km south of the ancient site which they also called Atlit.[8] The village was established by Edmond James de Rothschild, with most of the land bought from Arab fishermen.[9] A hundred families settled there but much of it was swampland, and many residents succumbed to malaria.[10] Aaron Aaronsohn established an agricultural station in Atlit in 1911, and during World War I the village was used as a base by the Nili organisation.[9]
British Mandate period
editIn the 1922 census of Palestine, during the British Mandate of Palestine period Athlit Colony had a population of 78 Jews and 3 Muslims, while Athlit Salt works had a population of 196 Jews, 1 Muslim and 1 Christian.[11]
The population of the wider had increased in the 1931 census to 413 Muslims, 496 Jews and 39 Christians; in a total of 193 houses; in addition to historical Atlit, this included Atlit Salt Co., Atlit Labour Group, Atlit Quarry, Aaronson Farm, Atlit Station and Atlit Police Post.[12]
The Arab presence underwent a sharp decline in the 1940s due to land sales, so that by the 1945 statistics there were only 150 Arabs still living there (90 Muslims and 60 Christians) alongside 510 Jews.[13][14]
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Atlit 1932 Survey of Palestine 1:20,000
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Atlit 1942 (including clearance camp) Survey of Palestine 1:20,000
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Atlit quarry 1934. Stone used in construction of Haifa harbour
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Atlit: Quarry with fortress in distance 1934
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Atlit 1945 Survey of Palestine 1:250,000
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Atlit: Moshe Sharett interned in camp 1947
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Atlit. Immigrant detention camp & quarry beyond broadcasting station
State of Israel
editThe circumstances under which the remaining Arabs left in 1948 are unknown.[15][16] The Atlit detainee camp was used by the British authorities to detain Jewish migrants to Palestine.[17]
It is now a museum of the Ha'apala (illegal Jewish immigration 1934–48). The headquarters of Shayetet 13 marine commandos is located at Atlit naval base on the Atlit promontory, placing the Crusader ruins there off-limits for regular visitors.
Atlit was declared a local council in 1950, but in 2004 was incorporated in the Hof HaCarmel Regional Council as one of a handful of Regional Councils. The late Knesset member Pesah Grupper lived in Atlit. He was head of its local council in the years 1959–1962 and 1969–1971.
Archaeology
editIn August 2021, marine archeologists headed by Yaakov Sharvit from Israel Antiquities Authority announced the discovery of 1,700-year-old coins weighing a total of 6 kg., dated back to the 4th century AD. According to Sharvit, coins demonstrated that they were assembled together and agglutinated because of oxidation of the metals.[18][19][20]
Wildlife
editFlamingos heading to Africa for the winter make migration stops in Atlit.[21]
Neighborhoods
editNeighborhoods in Atlit are Neve Moshe, Yamit, Giv'at HaPrahim, Giv'at HaBrekhot, Giv'at Sharon, Shoshanat HaYam, HaGoren, Yafe Nof, Argaman, Hofit, Savyonei Atlit and Allon. Atlit is in immediate vicinity of the villages Neve Yam and Ein Carmel.
Twin towns
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ "عتليت الأرض والذاكرة". 16 April 2018.
- ^ "Pre-State Israel: Atlit Immigration Camp". Jewish Virtual Library. 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
- ^ "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Marine archaeologyArchived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. p. 104. ISBN 9781317871521.
- ^ Gleize, Yves; Vivas, Mathieu; Dorso, Simon; Castex, Dominique (3 April 2020). "Le cimetière d'Atlit, un espace des morts au pied de Château-Pèlerin (royaume latin de Jérusalem - xiiie siècle)". Les vivants et les morts dans les sociétés médiévales : XLVIIIe Congrès de la SHMESP (Jérusalem, 2017). Éditions de la Sorbonne. pp. 187–204. ISBN 979-10-351-0577-8.
- ^ Gleize, Yves; Dorso, Simon (2019). "'Atlit, Crusader Cemetery". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 131.
- ^ Sandra M. Sufian (2008) Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920-1947, University of Chicago Press, p103
- ^ a b Atlit Jewish Virtual Library
- ^ The Claim of Disspossesion, Arieh Avneri
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 33
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 87
- ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 13
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 47
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #387. Also gives "not known" as cause of depopulation
- ^ Khalidi, 1992, pp. 146-147
- ^ "The End of the Line". Hadassah Magazine. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
- ^ "Ancient 1,700-year-old coins found on Israeli beach". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 14 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
- ^ Gershon, Livia. "Israeli Tour Guide on Camping Trip Discovers 1,700-Year-Old Coins". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
- ^ "1,700-Year-Old Coins Were Just Discovered Clumped Together on a Beach". Observer. 2021-08-19. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
- ^ ToI Staff. "En route to Africa, flamingos make stop near Haifa". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
Bibliography
edit- Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1985). Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575–1650. Beirut: American University of Beirut. ISBN 9780815660729. OCLC 242675094.
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 281
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. Retrieved 2014-11-08.
- Irby, C.L.; Mangles, J. (1823). Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria, and Asia Minor; during the years 1817 & 1818. London: Printed for Private Distribution by T. White & Co. Irby and Mangles, 1823, p. 191
- Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Robinson, David M. (2020). In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire Ming China and Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48244-8.
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
- Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.
External links
edit- Official Atlit Community Website
- Welcome To 'Atlit
- 'Atlit, from Zochrot
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: IAA, Wikimedia commons