The Americus movement was a civil rights protest that began in Americus (located in Sumter County), Georgia, United States, in 1963 and lasted until 1965. It was organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee along with the NAACP. Its main goals were voter registration and a citizenship education plan.[1]
| Americus movement | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Civil Rights Movement | |
| Date | 1963 – 1965 |
| Location | |
| Resulted in | Awareness |
First protests
editThe first march began in 1963, in an effort to desegregate the Martin Theater. Less than a dozen activists participated in the first march. Soon, some 250 people were involved. Law enforcement, led by police chief Ross Chambliss, and County Sheriff Fred Chappell began arresting many. Martin Luther King Jr. once called Chappell "the meanest man in the world."[1]
Leesburg Stockade
editIn July 1963, another march was held, in which a group of young women joined the line to attempt to purchase tickets at the movie theater, and were arrested for doing so.[2] After being held briefly in Dawson, Georgia, the protesters were moved to the Leesburg Stockade Public Works Building in Leesburg, where they were held for 45 days in poor conditions.[2] Estimates of the number of young women who were held there range from 15[2] to about 30[3] or as many as 33.[4] Some of the prisoners were as young as 12.[3]
Conditions in the stockade were poor: the prisoners had only concrete floors to sleep on, water only in drips from a shower, a single non-functional toilet, and poor food.[2][5] The prison authorities did not inform the parents of the prisoners of their arrest or location, and they only found out through the help of a janitor.[2]
The young women were threatened with murder, and at one point a rattlesnake was thrown into their cell.[4]
After the SNCC and Senator Harrison A. Williams used a set of photos by Danny Lyon to publicize the situation,[2][3][5] the young women were released. They did not face any criminal charges, but were nevertheless charged a fee for their use of the facilities.[3][2] They later became known as the "Stolen Girls".
Two of the Leesburg Stockade women, Carol Barner Seay and Sandra Russel Mansfield,[6] were added to the Hall of Fame of the National Voting Rights Museum in 2007.[4] The National Museum of African American History and Culture of the Smithsonian Institution publicized the story of the stolen girls in 2016, and they were recognized by a resolution of the Georgia state legislature.[7]
Girls of the stockade
edit- Carol Barner Seay
- Lorena Barnum
- Gloria Breedlove
- Pearl Brown
- Bobbie Jean Butts
- Agnes Carter
- Pattie Jean Colier
- Mattie Crittenden
- Barbara Jean Daniels
- Gloria Dean
- Carolyn Deloatch
- Diane Dorsey
- Juanita Freeman
- Robertiena Freeman
- Henrietta Fuller
- Shirley Ann Green
- Verna Hollis
- Evette Hose
- Mary Frances Jackson
- Vyrtis Jackson
- Dorothy Jones
- Emma Jean Jones
- Melinda Jones-Williams
- Emmarene Kaigler
- Barbara Ann Peterson
- Annie Lue Ragans
- Judith Reid
- Laura Ruff
- Sandra Russell
- Willie Mae Smith
- Eliza Thomas
- Billie Jo Thornton
- Lulu M. Westbrook
- Ozeliar Whitehead
- Carrie Mae Williams[8]
Results
editThe Americus movement resulted in a higher level of political participation by African Americans in Sumter County and the desegregation of many public places. It also contributed to the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[9]
In 2007 veterans of the movement returned to Americus as part of a newly established organization, the Americus–Sumter County Movement Remembered, which is dedicated to commemorating and preserving the history and legacy of the Americus movement.[10]
In popular culture
edit- Episode 6 of the 15th season of Mysteries at the Museum covered the Leesburg Stockade.
References
edit- ^ a b Americus movement New Georgia Encyclopedia
- ^ a b c d e f g George, Bradley; Blankenship, Grant (July 19, 2016), "The Girls Of The Leesburg Stockade", GPB News, NPR.
- ^ a b c d Stolen Girls remember 1963 in Leesburg, WALB, July 24, 2006.
- ^ a b c "Stolen Girls: Footsoldiers inducted into Hall of Fame", Selma Times-Journal, March 6, 2007.
- ^ a b Seeger, Pete; Reiser, Bob (1989), Everybody Says Freedom: A history of the Civil Rights Movement in songs and pictures, W. W. Norton & Company, p. 97, ISBN 9780393306040.
- ^ Staff Reports (March 6, 2007). "'Stolen Girls': Footsoldiers inducted into Hall of Fame". The Selma Times- Journal. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
- ^ "Leesburg Stockade Girls to be part of Smithsonian publication", Americus Times-Recorder, March 25, 2016.
- ^ Schwartz, Heather (2017). Locked Up for Freedom: Civil Rights Protesters at the Leesburg Stockade. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Millbrook Press. pp. Page 6. ISBN 9781467785976.
- ^ "Americus Movement". crdl.usg.edu.
- ^ "Americus Movement".
Further reading
edit- Auchmutey, Jim (2015). The Class of '65: A Student, a Divided Town, and the Long Road to Forgiveness. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610393553.
External links
edit- "Book Discussion on The Class of '65". C-SPAN. National Cable Satellite Corporation. July 21, 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2019. - Author Jim Auchmutey discusses his book, The Class of '65: A Student, a Divided Town, and the Long Road to Forgiveness.
- Anderson, Alan. "Notes on the Civil Rights Protest Era in Americus, Ga. from "The Times‑Recorder"". Archived from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
- "Americus-Sumter County Movement Remembered Committee, Inc" (PDF). Crmvet.org. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
- "Americus-Sumter County Movement Remembered Committee, Inc. (ASCMRC) - A City Without Pity". YouTube. Beverly Brister. December 1, 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
- "ASCMRC - "A City Without Pity" - Part 2". YouTube. Beverly Brister. Retrieved 1 February 2019.