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Al-Baqillani

Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ṭayyib al-Bāqillānī (Arabic: أَبُو بَكْر مُحَمَّد بْن ٱلطَّيِّب ٱلْبَاقِلَّانِيّ; 950 – 5 June 1013),[5] was a Sunni Muslim scholar and polymath who specialized in speculative theology, jurisprudence, logic, and hadith. He spent much of his life defending and strengthening the Ash'ari school of theology within Islam.[1] An accomplished rhetorical stylist and orator, al-Baqillani was held in high regard by his contemporaries for his expertise in debating theological and jurisprudential issues.[6] Al-Dhahabi referred to him as "the learned imam, incomparable master, foremost of the scholars, author of many books, and example of articulateness and intelligence."[7]

Al-Baqillani
ٱلْبَاقِلَّانِيّ
TitleShaikh as-Sunnah ("Shaykh of the Prophetic Way"), Lisān al-Ummah ("Voice of the Nation"), Imād ad-Dīn ("Pillar of the Religion"), Nāsir al-Islām ("Guardian of Islam"), and Saif as-Sunnah ("Sword of the Prophetic Way")[1] ("Protector of Islam")[1]
Personal
Born
Abu Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ṭayyib al-Bāqillānī

338/950 CE[2]
Basra, Iraq[2][3]
Died403/1013 CE[3]
Baghdad, Iraq
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceMaliki[2]
CreedAsh'ari[2][4]
Main interest(s)Theology (Kalam), Usul al-Din, Tawhid, Logic, Islamic Jurisprudence, Hadith
Notable work(s)Kitāb al-Tamhīd,[1] Kitāb I'jaz al-Qur'ān[1]
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced

Biography

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Born in Basra in 330 AH / 950 CE,[2] he spent most of his life in Baghdad, and studied theology under two disciples of Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari,[2] Ibn Mujahid al-Ta'i and Abul-Hasan al-Bahili.[8] He also studied jurisprudence under the Maliki scholars Abu Abd Allah al-Shirazi and Ibn Abi Zayd.[8] After acquiring expertise in both Islamic theology and Maliki jurisprudence he expounding the teachings of the Ash'ari school, and taught Maliki jurisprudence in Baghdad.[2]

He held the office of chief Qadi in Baghdad and in Ukbara, a town not far from the capital.[2] Al-Baqillani became a popular lecturer, and took part in debates with well-known scholars of the day.[3] Al-Baqillani was a hadith scholar, having studied under prominent hadith scholars such as Abu Bakr ibn Malik al-Qotaie, Abu Muhammad ibn Massi, and others, especially by al-Daraqutni, who was one of the leading hadith scholars at his time and who once kissed al-Baqillani's forehead (a sign of sincere respect) and said of him: "This is a man who will refute the allegations of people of false beliefs."[9]

Because of his debate skill, the Amir 'Adud al-Dawla dispatched him as an envoy to the Byzantine court in Constantinople, where he debated Christian scholars in the presence of their king in 371/981.[10][11] He debated and defeated multiple Christian theologians on matters pertaining the differences between Islam and Christianity.[12]

Creed

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Al-Baqillani adhered to the Ash'ari creed. He supported the doctrine of the apologetic miracle being proof of prophecy, the non-creation of the Qur'an, intercession, prophets being alive in their grave and the possibility of seeing God all via rational proofs.[citation needed]

Death

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He died in 403 AH / 1013 CE.[3] When Al-Baqillani died, the leading Imam of the Hanbalis who was Imam Baqillani's best friend of seven years, Imam Abu al-Fadl al-Tamimi, came barefoot to his funeral with many of his fellow Hanbali scholars and the funeral was packed with huge gatherings. Imam Al-Tamini was chosen as an announcer and he shouted:[13]

"This is the Helper of the Sunnah (of the prophet PBUH) and the Religion (of Almighty God)! This is the Imam (Leader) of Muslims! This is the Defender of the Sharia (Divine Law)! This is the one who authored 70 thousand pages (of Writings)!

Due to his prestige and high-esteem. He was buried near the grave of the famous Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and Baqillani's grave has become a place where thousands visit until today where they seek the blessings of Allah's mercy on him, and also pray for rain through his intercession.[13]

Reception

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Qadi Iyad said of al-Baqillani, "He is known as the sword of the sunna and spokesman of the community, who spoke the language of traditionists, strictly keeping the firm to the beliefs, and was the head of the Maliki scholars of his time. His gatherings in Basra were huge."[7]

Ibn Taymiyya called al-Baqillani "the best of the Ash'ari mutakallimun, unrivalled by any predecessor or successor".[14]

Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi said, "Imam al-Baqillani's nightly devotions and worship consisted of 40 cycles of prayer whether at home or while he was travelling away, after which he would write about 35 pages of textual knowledge, after which he would pray dawn prayer, and then he would pass on his writings to others in his circle to read out loud for proof-readings, verifying, and editing the texts."[7]

Works

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Fifty-five titles of works written by al-Baqillani have been listed, the great majority on legal and theological matters, and many written against his opponents.[15]

  • Al-Inṣāf fīmā Yajib I'tiqāduh
  • I‘jāz al-Qur’ān (The Inimitability of the Qur'an)
  • Al-Intiṣār lil-Qur’ān
  • Al-Taqrīb wal-Irshād aṣ-Ṣaghīr
  • Kitāb Tamhīd al-Awāʼil wa-Talkhīṣ ad-Dalāʼil (The Introduction)
  • Manāqib al-A’immah al-Arba‘ah
  • Fadl al-Jihad
  • Hidayat al-Mustarshidin
  • Al-Ibana an Ibtal Muzhab Ahle al-Kufr wal-Dalala (Exposition of the Invalidity of the School of the Disbelief and Misguidance)
  • Al-Istishhad
  • Al-Kuffar wal-Muta'awwilin wa-Hukm al-Dar
  • Al-Mulal wal-Nihal
  • Al-Tabyin fi Adab al-Jidal
  • Al-Tadil wal-Tajrih

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm, p 53. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1996. ISBN 9004100342.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Camilla Adang, Muslim Writers on Judaism and the Hebrew Bible: From Ibn Rabban to Ibn Hazm, p 51. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1996. ISBN 9004100342.
  3. ^ a b c d David Richard Thomas, Christian Doctrines in Islamic Theology, p 119. Vol. 10 of History of Christian-Muslim Relations Series. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2008. ISBN 9004169350
  4. ^ Adang, Camilla; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (2012). Ibn Hazm of Cordoba: The Life and Works of a Controversial Thinker (Handbook of Oriental Studies) (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1; The Near and Middle East). Vol. I (A-B). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 384. ISBN 978-90-04-23424-6.
  5. ^ W. M. Watt, Islamic Philosophy and Theology (Edinburgh University Press, 1985), p. 76.
  6. ^ Ansari, Hassan, Melvin-Koushki, Matthew, Tareh, Masoud, Khodaverdian, Shahram, Omidi, Jalil and Gholami, Rahim, “al-Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr”, in: Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary.
  7. ^ a b c Zulfiqar Ayub 2015, p. 152
  8. ^ a b Richard C. Martín, Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World, Volume 1, p 105. ISBN 0028656032
  9. ^ "Scholar Of Renown: Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani". 30 July 2001.
  10. ^ Nuh Keller, Reliance of the Traveller, x32. p 1026. Amana Publications, 1997. ISBN 0915957728
  11. ^ David Richard Thomas, Christian Doctrines in Islamic Theology, p 120. Vol. 10 of History of Christian-Muslim Relations Series. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2008. ISBN 9004169350
  12. ^ Martin, Richard C (3 March 2016). Defenders of Reason in Islam Mu'tazililism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol. Oneworld Publications. p. 981. ISBN 9781786070241.
  13. ^ a b Zulfiqar Ayub 2015, p. 153
  14. ^ at-tawhid.net. "Abû Bakr Al Bâqillânî - ابو بكر الباقلّاني (m.403) - at-tawhid.net". at-tawhid.net. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2011-11-03.
  15. ^ David Richard Thomas, Christian Doctrines in Islamic Theology, p 121. Vol. 10 of History of Christian-Muslim Relations Series. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2008. ISBN 9004169350

Source

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Al-Baqillani
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