Risk difference

It is recommended to use absolute measurements, such as risk difference, alongside the relative measurements, when presenting the results of randomized controlled trials.^[4] Their utility can be illustrated by the following example of a hypothetical drug which reduces the risk of colon cancer from 1 case in 5000 to 1 case in 10,000 over one year. The relative risk reduction is 0.5 (50%), while the absolute risk reduction is 0.0001 (0.01%). The absolute risk reduction reflects the low probability of getting colon cancer in the first place, while reporting only relative risk reduction, would run into risk of readers exaggerating the effectiveness of the drug.^[5]

Authors such as Ben Goldacre believe that the risk difference is best presented as a natural number - drug reduces 2 cases of colon cancer to 1 case if you treat 10,000 people. Natural numbers, which are used in the number needed to treat approach, are easily understood by non-experts.^[6]

Risk difference can be estimated from a 2x2 contingency table:

The point estimate of the risk difference is

${\displaystyle RD={\frac {EE}{EE+EN}}-{\frac {CE}{CE+CN}}.}$ 

The sampling distribution of RD is approximately normal, with standard error

${\displaystyle SE(RD)={\sqrt {{\frac {EE\cdot EN}{(EE+EN)^{3}}}+{\frac {CE\cdot CN}{(CE+CN)^{3}}}}}.}$ 

The ${\displaystyle 1-\alpha }$  confidence interval for the RD is then

${\displaystyle CI_{1-\alpha }(RD)=RD\pm SE(RD)\cdot z_{\alpha },}$ 

where ${\displaystyle z_{\alpha }}$  is the standard score for the chosen level of significance^[3]

We could assume a disease noted by ${\displaystyle D}$ , and no disease noted by ${\displaystyle \neg D}$ , exposure noted by ${\displaystyle E}$ , and no exposure noted by ${\displaystyle \neg E}$ . The risk difference can be written as

${\displaystyle RD=P(D\mid E)-P(D\mid \neg E).}$ 

• Population Impact Measures
• Relative risk reduction