The 1960 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 33rd term. It saw the governing Labour Party defeated by the National Party, putting an end to the short second Labour government.
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All 80 seats in the New Zealand Parliament 41 seats were needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 1,170,503 (89.8%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results by electorate, shaded by winning margin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Background
editThe Labour Party had won the 1957 election by a narrow margin, beginning New Zealand's second period of Labour government. However, the new administration soon lost its narrow lead in public opinion, with its financial policies being the principal cause of dissatisfaction. The so-called "Black Budget", introduced by finance minister Arnold Nordmeyer, increased taxes substantially, with particularly large increases for alcohol and tobacco taxes; Labour became widely seen as both miserly and puritanical. The government defended its tax increases as a necessary measure to avert a balance of payments crisis, but the opposition, led by Keith Holyoake, made substantial gains out of the issue throughout the parliamentary term.[1]
Both parties crafted narratives on the history of the balance of payments crisis in the lead up to the election. Holyoake tried to argue that overseas funds had not fallen as much as Nash said in 1957, and that Labour had produced a panic budget. Moreover, the over-importing was due to a fear of import controls if Labour should win. Nash continued to stress that National had produced the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression and that Labour had averted further disaster by its action. Coincidentally, at the beginning of the election another drop in overseas funds occurred, but neither party commented much about it.[2]
Labour's main policy platform was on industrialization particularly with new cotton mills in Nelson. Nash constantly repeated the theme people in New Zealand had 'never been so well off' and pamphlets stated 'everyone, everywhere, will again be better off', closely mirroring British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's winning slogan in 1959, 'You've never had it so good'.[3] National's campaign promised to lower taxes, reduce import controls and abolish compulsory unionism.[4]
A very thorough study of the election by three political scientists concluded that National's preparations for the election, organization, and publicity were much better than Labour's which was the main reason for the result with little substantial differences between the parties in policy.[5] National's party organisation recognised their win was mostly due to public mood against Labour and many traditional Labour voters not bothering to vote. As a result Labour's vote share had fallen more than National's had risen.[6]
MPs retiring in 1960
editFive National MPs and four Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 32nd Parliament.
The election
editThe date for the main 1960 election was 26 November. 1,310,742 people were registered to vote, and turnout was 89.8%. This turnout was slightly lower than what had been recorded in the previous elections. The number of seats being contested was 80, a number which had been fixed since 1902.
Opinion polling
editPolling ahead of the 1960 New Zealand general election was limited, but three polls conducted by Gallup provided insight into voter preferences leading up to the election. These polls give a snapshot of party support in the months before the vote. The results are outlined in the table below:
| Poll | Date | National | Labour | Social Credit | Other | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 election result | 26 Nov 1960 | 47.2 | 43.4 | 8.6 | 0.4 | 3.8 |
| Gallup[7] | 22 Nov 1960 | 46 | 43 | 9 | 3 | |
| Gallup[8] | 18 Oct 1960 | 49 | 43 | 6 | 6 | |
| Gallup[9] | 13 Sep 1960 | 47 | 44 | 6 | 3 |
Results
editThe 1960 election saw the governing Labour Party defeated by a twelve-seat margin, having previously held a two-seat majority. National won a total of 46 seats to Labour's 34 seats, and formed the second National government.[10] In the popular vote, National won 47.59% to Labour's 43.42%.[11]
The Social Credit Party won 8.62% of the vote, but no seats.[12] Three of their candidates missed the nomination deadline, and the opening address of the party leader P. H. Matthews was not noteworthy.
Three new National members of parliament were called the Young Turks: Peter Gordon, Duncan MacIntyre and Robert Muldoon.[13] The other new National MPs were Esme Tombleson, Bill Brown, Harry Lapwood, Logan Sloane, Bert Walker, and Dan Riddiford.[14]
Paddy Blanchfield, Ron Bailey, Norman Douglas and George Spooner entered parliament for Labour.
| Election results | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidates | Total votes | Percentage | Seats won | Change | |
| National | 80 | 557,046 | 47.6 | 46 | +7 | |
| Labour | 80 | 508,179 | 43.4 | 34 | −7 | |
| Social Credit | 79 | 100,905 | 8.6 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Communist | 18 | 2,423 | 0.21 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Others | 7 | 1,950 | 0.2 | 0 | ±0 | |
| Total | 269 | 1,170,503 | 80 | |||
Votes summary
editThe table below shows the results of the 1960 general election:
Key
Table footnotes:
- ^ Skoglund was first on election night, but lost after special votes were counted
Bibliography
edit- The New Zealand Gazette "Members of the House of Representatives Elected – General Election" (20 December 1960) issue 84 page 2002.
Notes
edit- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 80.
- ^ Sinclair 1976, p. 350.
- ^ Sinclair 1976, pp. 349–50.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 82.
- ^ Sinclair 1976, p. 349.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 90.
- ^ Chapman, R M; Jackson, W K; Mitchell, A V (1962). New Zealand Politics in Action: the 1960 General Election. London: Oxford University Press. p. 108.
- ^ Chapman, R M; Jackson, W K; Mitchell, A V (1962). New Zealand Politics in Action: the 1960 General Election. London: Oxford University Press. p. 108.
- ^ Chapman, R M; Jackson, W K; Mitchell, A V (1962). New Zealand Politics in Action: the 1960 General Election. London: Oxford University Press. p. 108.
- ^ Wilson 1985, p. 288.
- ^ Wilson 1985, p. 290.
- ^ Wilson 1985, pp. 288, 290.
- ^ "Obituary: Duncan MacIntyre". The New Zealand Herald. 16 June 2001. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 85.
- ^ Norton 1988.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 386.
- ^ Gustafson 1986, p. 383.
References
edit- Chapman, R M; Jackson, W K; Mitchell, A V (1962). New Zealand Politics in Action: the 1960 General Election. London: Oxford University Press.
- Gustafson, Barry (1986). The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
- Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946-1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
- Sinclair, Keith (1976). Walter Nash. Auckland: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-647949-5.
- Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.