Vizier (Brunei)
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The Wazir (English: Vizier; Jawi: وازير) are a group of royal dignitaries within the Sultanate of Brunei whose position ranks the second-highest official in the country behind the Sultan.[1] The Wazir had formerly held the position of the Sultan's highest official in the administration of the then-reigning government throughout Brunei's history, particularly during the times prior to and after the British protectorate (British Resident and Assistant British Resident).[2] The core of Brunei's nobility consisted of this class of governmental offices,[3] and it consists of a Perdana Wazir, and Wazir Empat under him. Notably, they are sometimes referred to as and acted as Senior Ministers.[4]
History
[edit]In the administration of the Government of Brunei, the vizier position has long been the top one in Brunei. The only Wazir during the early Sultans of Brunei's rule were Bendahara and Temenggong.[5] Traditionally, the ranking of the four wazirs is as follows; Bendahara, Di-Gadong, Temenggong and Pemancha.[1] At the end of the 16th century, under Sultan Muhammad Hasan, Pemancha and Di-Gadong were first used.[6][7] During the reign of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, the present Sultan of Brunei, Perdana Wazir was only recently introduced.[7] The viziers sit above the Cheteria and Manteri.[8] These ministers, who are often men of royal descent, fly separate flags above their homes: white for the Bandahara, green for the Di-Gadong, and scarlet for the Temenggong. The flags are remarkably straightforward and affordable.[9]
As of 2005, it seems that the majority of the Wazir belonged to the core aristocracy. On 6 February 1970, a fifth position was created as Perdana Wazir.[10] The Pengiran Bendahara was the highest rank held by a Wazir prior to 1970. In addition to serving as the senior official in things pertaining to Islam, he assumed the power or authority of the Sultan in the event that the latter was absent from the nation.[11]
Etymology
[edit]Bendahara
[edit]The office of Bendahara (a Sanskrit title) increased in significance during the Malacca Sultanate about 1400. In the traditional Malay states, the bendahara is the chief minister and is second only to the sultan in rank, power, and authority. Its duties included carrying out the sultan's orders, serving as prime minister, and serving as commander in chief. In order to increase the sultan's independence, the bendahara also provided him with a palace and a bride who was a member of his own family. After a sultan passed away, this official's most significant task may have been to gather the royal regalia and serve as regent during the interim until he turned the regalia over to the heir. The role was frequently held by a senior member of the sultan's family.[12]
Di-Gadong
[edit]Di-Gadong is a high official title whose definitions are ambiguous.[13] His responsibilities were differently described but generally included three components. He was in charge of the treasury or finances. The Sultan's household was under his management. In particular, he was in charge of taxation inside the Sultanate's domains. Considering the latter, it should be understood that he was in charge of the Sultan's apprehensions.[14] Notably, the Bruneian Malay term for the colour green is gadong.[15] The term "Gadong" refers to a greenish affluent of the Brunei River, which is itself an affluent of the Kedayan River, which it joins.[16]
Temenggong
[edit]In the traditional Malay states, the person in charge of enforcing the law and overseeing the army and police was known as a Temenggong. This significant nonhereditary role was defined during the rise of the Malaccan Sultanate in the 15th century, which served as a hub for trade between Southeast Asia, China, and India. The temenggong played a crucial role in upholding the household tranquility necessary for the thriving trade of the Malaccan Sultanate. His responsibilities included maintaining order, caring for criminals, constructing jails, policing city streets, and ensuring the precision of weights and measures in commerce. Although Malacca's prominence declined after the 15th century, other Malay rulers adopted its administrative system, which included the office of temenggong, and it flourished and persisted till the 19th century.[17]
Pemancha
[edit]Pemancha is a high official title whose definitions are ambiguous.[13] Lower-level evidence suggests that district chiefs in Sabah are known as Orang Kaya Kaya and that the Land Dayak counterpart of a Penghulu in Sarawak is known as Orang Kaya Pemancha.[18] The headmen of several villages are also referred to as Pemancha in Sarawak.[19]
Functions
[edit]High-ranking government officials in Brunei, such as the senior Wazir, Pengiran Bendahara, and Pengiran Paduka Tuan, oversee Islamic religious affairs to strengthen Islam in the country. The Manteri-Manteri Ugama, with appointed officers like Mudim, have managed Islamic matters since the time of Sultan Saiful Rijal. Despite British rule, these religious leaders continued to influence national affairs, as exemplified by Pehin Tuan Imam Haji Mohidin bin Nakhoda Jambul's appointment to the State Council in 1907. This illustrates the government's efforts to elevate Islam's role in Brunei.[20]
Hierarchy
[edit]In Bruneian society, a person's position and status are indicated by a variety of characteristics. A royal court or state function's seating arrangement is one method. In seating configurations, di atas (upper) and di bawah (lower) are used as measurements. The top end, which is often the farthest from the door, is occupied by those of greatest status. The remaining guests are placed near the entrance in decreasing order of rank. Gradations of precedence may also be shown by a person's sitting arrangement, whereby those on the right are sat higher than those on the left.[21]
The Kepala Wazir's official title is Perdana Wazir,[22] while the Wazir Empat's official titles are basically known as Bendahara, Di-Gadong, Pemancha, and Temenggong.[2] The title is invariably followed by Pengiran, nevertheless, because they are typically chosen from the people with Pengiran titles, particularly the royal family and Pengiran Bertaras (Sultan's siblings). In addition, a few additional words were added following the basic title of Wazir. But only when the incumbent is still alive will the full title be used. Wazir's list is as follows:[7][23][24]
- Kepala Wazir
- Pengiran Perdana Wazir Sahibul Himmah Wal-Waqar
- Wazir Empat
- Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara
- Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal
- Pengiran Pemancha Sahibul Rae' Wal-Mashuarah
- Pengiran Temenggong Sahibul Bahar
Title and styling
[edit]Every person who becomes a Wazir possesses a certain set of rules that they must follow when discussing certain aspects of the surat-menyurat (letters used for activities carried out by one party to another party continuously, whose activities are carried out by sending letters to each other), including naming the Wazir in question. Wazir is understood to originate from a prince who is either gahara (pure royal lineage) or not. For the wazir who is the prince of the Sultan, it is styled as Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (The Most Glorious), while other than that, it is referred to as Yang Teramat Mulia Seri Paduka (The Most Illustrious).[23][25]
Court uniform and dress
[edit]Wazir usually sat behind the Sultan and his siblings at ceremonial events. The royal umbrella, the kampilan and kelasak (shield), the sinipit (spear), and kaskol (gold betel container)[26] were the regalia. Traditional fabric was used to wrap the kaskol. The royal members' status was indicated by the colour of the wrapping paper. For example, the kaskol wrapping of the Sultan was made of yellow supplemental weft fabric, while that of the Pengiran Bendahara and Perdana Wazir were made of white. The Perdana Wazir and Bendahara have white regalia bearers.[27]
The typical black clothing of the royal regalia carriers was worn, but the colour of their dastar, arat (belt), and sinjang (sarong) varied according to the status of the person whose regalia they were carrying. For example, the officers carrying the Sultan's regalia wore traditional black-backed woven cloth embellished with golden thread in the form of sinjang, arat, and dastar, a pattern of kain berturus (vertical).[27] Although the two fabrics had the same kain berturus pattern, the ornamentation included distinct designs. The regalia bearers of the Bendahara wore kain biasa, whereas the Perdana Wazir wore kain bepakan, which was made of gold threads woven alternately through the wefts. Since gold thread was not used for the weft in kain biasa, the cloth had a matte appearance. In this instance, it seems to me that the variations in the shimmering effect on the garments indicate the varying ranks of the individuals wearing the regalia.[28]
Copper, silver, and gold items used in royal ceremonies reveal the rank and identity of the owner. Items such as the keris (Malay dagger) and kaskol (gold betel container)[26] were given to royal dignitaries who received the title of Wazir, Cheteria, and Manteri. The kaskol is only given to the Wazir and Kepala Cheteria while Cheteria-Cheteria and Manteri-Manteri such as Kepala Manteri and Kepala Manteri Empat received the silver-born tipa (container or vessel to store betel and its seasonings).[29] While copper-born tipa was granted for the other officials.[30]
- Ceremonial uniforms of Wazir
-
Prince Mohamed Bolkiah, Perdana Wazir
-
Prince Sufri Bolkiah, Bendahara
-
Prince Jefri Bolkiah, Di-Gadong
-
Pengiran Anak Mohamed Alam, Pemancha
Wazir
[edit]The vizier must be a member of the Royal Family, namely one of the royal princes who is gahara (pure descendants of the sultan), as stated in Chapter 2 (1) of the Proclamation to Lift and Appoint Regent from 1959. Pengiran-Pengiran Kebanyakan, however, may also be given the title of vizier with the Sultan's consent. A ceremony known as mengarak is used to designate someone as vizier and bestow the appropriate title.[7]
| Title | Hierarchy | Incumbent | Date | Predecessor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pengiran Perdana Wazir Sahibul Himmah Wal-Waqar | Kepala Wazir | Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Perdana Wazir Sahibul Himmah Wal-Waqar Pengiran Muda Mohamed Bolkiah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien[31] | 6 February 1970[10] | Title established |
| Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara | Wazir | Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara Pengiran Muda Haji Sufri Bolkiah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien[32] | 14 November 1979[33] | Yang Teramat Mulia Seri Paduka Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara Pengiran Muda Haji Hashim ibni Al-Marhum Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman[34] |
| Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal | Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal Pengiran Muda Haji Jefri Bolkiah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Sa'adul Khairi Waddien[35] | 14 November 1979[33] | Yang Teramat Mulia Seri Paduka Pengiran Di-Gadong Sahibul Mal Pengiran Anak Haji Khamis ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin[36] | |
| Pengiran Temenggong Sahibul Bahar | Vacant | - | Yang Teramat Mulia Seri Paduka Pengiran Temenggong Sahibul Bahar Pengiran Haji Mohammad bin Pengiran Abdul Rahman Piut[37] | |
| Pengiran Pemancha Sahibul Rae' Wal-Mashuarah | Vacant | - | Yang Teramat Mulia Seri Paduka Pengiran Pemancha Sahibul Rae' Wal-Mashuarah Pengiran Anak Haji Mohamed Alam ibni Al-Marhum Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman[38] |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Sidhu, Jatswan S. (22 December 2009). Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9.
- ^ a b Gin, Ooi Keat (29 May 2013). Post-War Borneo, 1945-1950: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-05810-5.
- ^ Sullivan, Anwar; Leong, Cecilia (1981). Commemorative History of Sabah, 1881-1981. Sabah State Government, Centenary Publications Committee. p. 92.
- ^ Gin, Ooi Keat (14 December 2015). Brunei - History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-65997-6.
- ^ Awang.), Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji (1997). Tarsilah Brunei: Zaman kegemilangan dan kemasyhuran (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan. p. 109.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Ahmad (Haji.), Zaini Haji (2003). Brunei merdeka: sejarah dan budaya politik (in Malay). De'Imas Printing. p. 2. ISBN 978-99917-34-01-9.
- ^ a b c d Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) (2003). Adat istiadat Diraja Brunei (in Malay). Jabatan Adat Istiadat Negara, Jabatan Perdana Menteri. pp. 10–11, 14, 19. ISBN 978-99917-34-22-4.
- ^ Brunei, Muzium (1971). Brunei Museum Journal. Brunei Museum. p. 4.
- ^ Treacher, W. H. Sir (4 September 2022). British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo. DigiCat.
- ^ a b "ISTIADAT MENGARAK Y.T.M. PG. PERDANA WAZIR DI-LANGSONGKAN DGN. PENOH ISTIADAT" (PDF). Pelita Brunei (in Malay). 11 February 1970. p. 1. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 41.
- ^ "Bendahara | Malay Court, Sultanate, Financial Management | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ a b Baring-Gould, Sabine; Bampfylde, C. A. (1909). A History of Sarawak Under Its Two White Rajahs, 1839-1908. H. Sotheran & Company. pp. xxii.
- ^ The Brunei Museum journal. The Museum. 1969. p. 109.
- ^ "More Origin of Place Names in Brunei". More Origin of Place Names in Brunei. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ Vienne, Marie-Sybille de (9 March 2015). Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century. NUS Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-9971-69-818-8.
- ^ "Temenggong | Malay Ruler, Sultan, Johor | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ Milne, R. S.; Ratnam, K. J. (14 January 2014). Malaysia: New States in a New Nation. Routledge. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-135-16061-6.
- ^ Kee Hui Ong, (Tan Sri Datuk) (1998). Footprints in Sarawak: 1914 to 1963. Research & Resource Centre. p. 497. ISBN 978-983-99257-1-5.
- ^ Institusi Fatwa Negara Brunei Darussalam (PDF) (in Malay). pp. 107–111.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 45.
- ^ Brunei Political, Constitutional System and Procedures Handbook - Strategic Information and Regulations. Lulu.com. 24 December 2017. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-5145-1648-5.
- ^ a b Melayu Islam Beraja Menengah II (in Malay). Jabatan Perkembangan Kurikulum. 1998. p. 186. ISBN 9991722394.
- ^ "BRUNEIresources.com - Brunei List of Wazirs and Cheterias". www.bruneiresources.com. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 48.
- ^ a b Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. xv.
- ^ a b Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 186.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 187.
- ^ Traditional Handicraft of Brunei Darussalam (PDF) (in Malay). Information Department. 2018. p. 78. ISBN 99917-49-29-2.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2014, p. 35.
- ^ A Year Book of the Commonwealth. H.M. Stationery Office. 1974. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-11-580141-9.
- ^ Omar, Hasuria Che; Awang, Rokiah (2009). Kelestarian Bidang Penterjemahan (in Malay). ITBM. p. 475. ISBN 978-983-42179-5-2.
- ^ a b "Adinda2 Baginda Yang Dipertuan Di-Korniakan Gelaran Wazir Pertama Dan Kedua" (PDF). Pelita Brunei. 14 November 1979. p. 1. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ "Rengkasan Perkhidmatan Ahli2 Majlis Pemangku Raja" (PDF). Pelita Brunei. 4 May 1960. p. 3. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ Carr, J. (6 December 2012). Major Companies of The Far East and Australasia 1991/92: Volume 1: South East Asia. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 5. ISBN 978-94-011-3024-0.
- ^ A Year Book of the Commonwealth. H.M. Stationery Office. 1973. p. 429.
- ^ al-Sufri, Haji Awang Mohd Jamil (1998). Brunei Darussalam, the Road to Independence. Brunei History Centre, Ministry of Culture, Youth, and Sports. p. 237.
- ^ Office, Great Britain Colonial (1966). Brunei. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 277.
- Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah (2005). Traditional Woven Textiles: Tradition and Identity Construction in the 'New State' of Brunei Darussalam (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Western Australia. Retrieved 23 August 2024.