William III's (of Orange) Expeditionary Banner in 1688 during the "Glorious Revolution" with the pennant over it signifying the Commander-in-Chief as flown from the masthead of the Dutch Flagship for William III.^[9] ·

^[10] · ^[11] ·

^[12]

The ideal education for William was described in Discours sur la nourriture de S. H. Monseigneur le Prince d'Orange, a short treatise, perhaps by one of William's tutors, Constantijn Huygens.^[13] In these lessons, the prince was taught that he was predestined to become an instrument of Divine Providence, fulfilling the historical destiny of the House of Orange-Nassau.^[14]. William was seen, despite his youth, as the leader and heir of the "Orangist" Party and the natural inheritor of the offices of Stadholder of several provinces and Captain-General of the Union (see Politics and government of the Dutch Republic). He was seen as the leader of the nation in its independence movement, and its protector from foreign threats. ^{[15]: 781–797} This was in the tradition of the Princes of Orange before him: his great-grandfather William the Silent, his grand-uncle Maurice, Prince of Orange, his grandfather Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, and his father William II, Prince of Orange, likening of the Princes of Orange to Moses leading the people of the Netherlands out of the Spanish "house of bondage". Given the prevalence of dangers from floods, the Lord was seen as having placed the protection of the Dutch people from inundation, both physical and metaphysical religious terms in the hands of the Princes of Orange.^{[16]: 65–67}; ^{[17]: 429–430, 569, 604, 608, 660, 664, 720, 785–6}. This was seen in the first part of his life as his primary heritage and destiny, irrespective of his ties to the English Royal Stuarts.^[18]: 65

The ideal education for William was described in Discours sur la nourriture de S. H. Monseigneur le Prince d'Orange, a short treatise, perhaps by one of William's tutors, Constantijn Huygens.^[19] In these lessons, the prince was taught that he was predestined to become an instrument of Divine Providence, fulfilling the historical destiny of the House of Orange-Nassau.^[20] William was seen, despite his youth, as the leader of the "Orangist" party, heir to the stadholderships of several provinces and the office of Captain-General of the Union (see Politics and government of the Dutch Republic). He was viewed as the leader of the nation in its independence movement and its protector from foreign threats.^[21] This was in the tradition of the princes of Orange before him: his great-grandfather William the Silent, his grand-uncle Maurice, his grandfather Frederick Henry, and his father William II.^[22],^[23],^[24], ^[25]

Oranje en Stuart/Houses of Orange and Stuart

William the Silent, Prince of Orange Henry IV of France James I of England Louis XIII Maurice, Prince of Orange Amalia of Solms-Braunfels Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange Henrietta Maria Charles I of England Elizabeth Stuart Louis XIV Louise Henriette of Nassau Albertine Agnes of Nassau William II, Prince of Orange Mary, Princess Royal Charles II of England James II of England Sophia of the Palatine Prince Rupert of the Rhine Frederick I of Prussia Henry Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz William III of Orange and England Mary II of England Anne of England James Francis Edward George I of Great Britain John William Friso, Prince of Orange  Prince of Orange   Member of House of Orange   King of France   Prince or Princess of France   King of England/House of Stuart   Prince/Princess of England   House of Palatine   King of Great Britain/House of Hanover   Elector of Brandenburg & King in Prussia/ House of Hohenzollern

Coat of arms of JMvanDijk/Sandbox 9

Notes Following his marriage to Princess Elizabeth until 1949, Prince Philip's arms featured a differenced version of the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, derived from his ancestor Princess Alice.[26] Unlike the arms used by other members of the royal family, the Duke's arms no longer features the royal arms of the United Kingdom, as he was granted new arms by King George VI in 1949. However, they do feature elements representing Greece and Denmark, from which he is descended in the male line; the Mountbatten family arms, from which he is descended in the female line; and the City of Edinburgh. Adopted 19 November 1947 Crest Issuant from a ducal coronet Or, a plume of five ostrich feathers alternately Sable and Argent; Torse Mantling Or and ermine Helm Upon a coronet of a son of the sovereign Proper, the royal helm Or[27] Escutcheon From 1949: Quarterly: First Or, semée of hearts Gules, three lions passant in pale Azure (For Denmark), Second Azure, a cross Argent (For Greece), Third Argent, two pallets Sable (For Battenberg or Mountbatten), Fourth Argent, upon a rock Proper a castle triple towered Sable, masoned Argent, windows, port, turret-caps and vanes Gules (For Edinburgh), the whole surrounded by the Garter.[27] Supporters Dexter, a representation of a wild man girt about the loins with a lion skin, crowned with a chaplet of oak leaves, holding in the dexter hand a club Proper (from the Danish and Greek royal coat of arms); sinister, a lion queue fourchée ducally crowned Or and gorged with a naval coronet Azure; Motto GOD IS MY HELP Orders The Order of the Garter ribbon HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE (Shamed be he who thinks evil of it) Banner A banner of the Duke's arms is used as his personal standard.[28] Symbolism The arms of Denmark and Greece, represent the Duke of Edinburgh's familial lineage. The arms of the City of Edinburgh represent Philip's dukedom. The naval crown collar alludes to the Duke's naval career. Previous versions From 1947 to 1949: "Arms of Greece surmounted by an inescutcheon of the arms of Denmark; and over all in the first quarter the arms of Princess Alice, daughter of Queen Victoria, viz, the Royal Arms differenced with a label of three points argent, the middle point charged with a rose gules and each of the others with an ermine spot. The shield is encircled by the Garter and ensigned with a princely coronet of crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis, above which is placed a barred helm affronte, and thereon the crest; out of a ducal coronet or, a plume of five ostrich feathers alternately sable and argent. The supporters are, dexter, the figure of Hercules proper, and sinister, a lion queue fourche ducally crowned or, gorged with a naval coronet azure."[26]

see Alexander Hamilton and Hamilton family

Arms with crest and motto

Arms in color

Arms of Hamilton of the Grange^[29] · ,^[30] lairds of Kerelaw Castle or Grange. "gules, three cinquefoils ermine, center a lion rampant, argent."

Arms of Hamilton of Grange

Arms: Gules, a lion rampant, argent, betwixt three cinquefoils, ermine^[32]

Arms, crest, and motto

Arms of the Lairds of Grange in Ayrshire, Scotland, including Hamilton's paternal grandfather^[31]. The arms of the chief of Clan Hamilton was gules, three cinquefoils ermine. Alexander Hamilton’s ancestors differenced that with the silver lion rampant.

Coat of arms of Hamilton of Grange
Versions
Coat of arms of the Lairds of Hamilton of Grange in Ayrshire, Scotland, including Alexander Hamilton's paternal grandfather
Shield	Gules, a lion rampant, argent, betwixt three cinquefoils, ermine

The family is descended in the male line from Henry Spencer (died c. 1478). In the 16th century they claimed that Henry was a descendant of the cadet branch of the ancient House Le Despencer. The descent of the family from the Medieval Despencers has been debunked, especially by J. Horace Round in his essay The Rise of the Spencers. The Spencers were granted a coat of arms in 1504, "Azure a fess Ermine between 6 sea-mews’ heads erased Argent" which bears no resemblance to that used by the family after c. 1595, which was derived from the Despencer arms, "Quarterly Argent and Gules in the second and third quarters a Fret Or overall on a Bend Sable three Escallops of the first" (the scallops standing for the difference as a cadet branch). Round argued that the Despencer descent was fabricated by Richard Lee, a corrupt Clarencieux King of Arms.^[1] Citing Round, The Complete Peerage dismissed the alleged Despencer descent as an "elaborate imposture" which "is now incapable of deceiving the most credulous."^{[2] [3] [4]}

Arms of the Le Despencer Family, Barons Le Despencer, Earls of Winchester

Original coat of arms granted to the Spencer family 1504.

The (De)Spencer arms, adopted after c. 1595

Arms of the Spencer Family

Their ancestor was one Richard Ladde, grandfather of the Lord Chief Justice Sir Edward, who changed his name to Montagu in about 1447. His descendants claimed a connection with the older house of Montagu or Montacute, Barons Montagu or Montacute and Earls of Salisbury, but there is no sound evidence that the two families were related. A case has been made out for the possibility that the Ladde alias came from a division among coheirs about 1420 of the remaining small inheritance of a line of Montagus at Spratton and Little Creton, also in Northamptonshire (Sources:English Genealogy, Anthony Wagner).^[5]

Montagu Arms Unquartered of Barons Montagu/Montacute

Monthermar arms, "Or, an eagle displayed vert beaked and membered gules."

Arms of Montague/Montacute, Earls of Salisbury

Arms of Montagu, dukes of Manchester, dukes of Montagu, and earls of Sandwich and Halifax, claiming to be cadets of the medieval Montagus.

Arms of Montagu Family

The heraldic blazon for the coat of arms of the Russell dukedom is: Argent, a lion rampant gules; on a chief sable, three escallops of the first.

The arms show a claim to be descended from the medieval lord Hugh de Rozel, which has been debunked, especially by J. Horace Round in his essay The Rozels of Bedford". ^{[6] [7]} The family tree on the website of Woburn Abbey only refers to the descent from the provable Stephen Russell in 1394.^[8]

The chief from these arms is present in the arms of the modern coat of arms of the London Borough of Camden, because the dukes of Bedford used to own land in the present borough.

arms of John Russell of Kingston Russell, ca 1200

Bertrand Arms 13th Century

with a chief sable, the arms assigned by the heralds to the mythical Hugh de Rosel ca. 1066

Arms of the Duke of Bedford

Supposed lineage of Russell Arms

"(Les Bourbons), ils n'ong rien appris, nie rien oublieé"

They have learned nothing, and forgotten nothing (and variations). Recognized since the 19th century as a adoption, possibly used by Talleyrand, from a 1796 letter to Mallet du Pan by French naval officer Charles Louis Etienne, Chevalier de Panat: Personne n'est corrigé; personne n'a su ni rien oublier ni rien apprendre. "Nobody has been corrected; no one has known to forget, nor yet to learn anything." Sources: Craufurd Tate Ramage Ll.D.Beautiful thoughts from French and Italian authors, E. Howell (1866)

See: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

Imperial Arms of Napoleon

Arms: Azure, an Eagle Or, head facing to the sinister, clutching in its talons a Thunderbolt Or.^[1][2]

Napoleon's Monogram

Imperial Standard of Napoléon I

Arms and Monogram of Napoleon

President of the French Republic
Président de la République française
Emblem of the French Republic
Presidential standard

see: Amorial of French Presidents

The coats of arms of the German Empire (1871–1918).
The lesser arms of the German Emperor.	The coat of arms of the German Emperor with crest: Imperial coat of arms of His Majesty. 27 April 1871–3 August 1871	The greater coat of arms of the German Emperor: Imperial coat of arms of His Majesty.	Middle coat of arms of the German Emperor.	Provisional arms of the German Empire at the Proclamation of Versailles.	The coat of arms of the German Empire, 1871–1889. 3 August 1871 – 1888	The coat of arms of the German Empire, 1889–1918. 6 December 1888 – 1918

Most royal families did not have a family name until the 19th century. They were known as "of" (in German von) based on the main territory they ruled. For example, sons, daughters, grandsons and granddaughters of a ruling French King were known as "of France" (see Wikipedia on House of Bourbon). The name "Capet" was an invention of the French Revolutionaries. "Bourbon" was in some sense the name of the house as it was differentiated from the previous Valois kings. Princes and Princesses of the royal house of England were known as "of England", or later "Great Britain" (see House of Windsor) or "of" the main title associated with their parent (see Prince William of Wales). In the Middle Ages, princes of England were often known by the town or castle of their birth (see John of Gaunt, Henry Bolingbroke, or Henry of Monmouth). Even when the royal family had a last name (see House of Tudor, House of Stuart or House of Windsor), it was not used in their titles.

Similarly, the Habsburg name was used as one of the subsidiary titles of the rulers above, as in "Princely Count of Habsburg" (see above under Habsburg-Lorraine). The Habsburg arms (see above) were displayed only in the most complete (great arms) of the prince. The dynasty was known as the "house of Austria". Most of the princes above were known as Archduke xyz "of Austria" and had no need of a surname. Charles V was known in his youth after his birthplace as "Charles of Ghent". When he became king of the Spains he was known as "Charles of Spain", until he became emperor, when he was known as Charles V ("Charles Quint"). In Spain, the dynasty was known as the "casa de Austria", and illegitimate sons were given the title of "de Austria" (see Don Juan de Austria and Don Juan José de Austria). The arms displayed in their simplest form were those of Austria, which the Habsburgs had made their own, at times impaled with the arms of the Duchy of Burgundy (ancient).

Arms of Austria impaled with Burgundy (ancient). The most personal arms of Austrian princes from 1477 until 1740 (see here	Personal Arms of Joseph II and Marie Antoinette showing Austria impaled with Lorraine.	Tripartite personal arms of Leopold II and Francis II/I showing Austria, Lorraine and Tuscany, and used by the House of Habsburg-Tuscany (see Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany).	Tripartite personal arms of the "Habsburg" ruling house after 1805 showing the return to prominence of the Habsburg arms. Used today by most archdukes/archduchesses.

When Maria Theresa married the duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen (see above), there was a desire to show that the ruling dynasty continued as did all its inherited rights, as the ruling dynasty's right to rule was based on inherited legitimate birthright in each of the constituent territories. Using the concept of "Habsburg" as the traditional Austrian ruler was one of those ways. When Francis I became Emperor of Austria, there was an even further reinforcement of this by the reappearance of the arms of Habsburg in the tripart personal arms of the house with Austria and Lorraine. This also reinforced the "Germaness" of the Austrian Emperor and his claim to rule in Germany against the Prussian Kings, or at least to be included in "Germany". As Emperor Francis Joseph wrote to Napoleon III „Nein, ich bin ein deutscher Fürst“ ^[3] In the genealogical table above, some younger sons who had no prospects of the throne, were given the personal title of "count of Habsburg".

Today, as the dynasty is no longer on the throne, the surname of members of the house is taken to be "von Habsburg" or more completely "von Habsburg-Lothringen" (see Otto von Habsburg and Karl von Habsburg). Princes and members of the house use the Tripartite arms shown above, generally forgoing any imperial pretentions.

Coat of arms of Luxembourg (see also Armorial of Luxembourg and Limbourg (fr)

arms of Waleran III, Duke of Limburg

arms of the Counts of Grandpré and Counts of Loon

arms of Henry V, Count of Luxembourg, his father's arms of Limburg with addition of azure stripes leaving a barry of argent and azure.

The House of Luxemburg/Luxembourg stemmed from the House of Ardenne (or Ardennes, French Maison d'Ardenne) was an important medieval noble family from Lotharingia, known from at least the tenth century. They had several important branches, descended from several brothers:^[4]

• The House of Ardenne-Luxembourg, descended from Count Sigfried.
• The House of Ardenne-Verdun, with several Dukes of Lower Lotharingia, descended from Count Gozelin.
• The House of Ardenne-Bar, with several Dukes of Upper Lotharingia, descended from Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine.

When the male line died. Three houses descended from the women of the counts of Luxembourg, the Counts of Loon, the Counts of Grandpré, and the Dukes of Limburg. All three families had a place in relation to the succession of the House of Ardennes. Indeed, the Count of Grandpré was the next heir of Conrad II of Luxembourg, who was the last representative of the Ardennes dynasty. But, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa preferred that Luxembourg was held by a lord Germanic rather than French and attributed the county to Henry of Limburg-Arlon (see below), son of Conrad's aunt Ermesinde and Count Godfrey I of Namur. The Counts of Loon are also in position to claim the inheritance Luxembourg, albeit weaker position.

Having succeeded to the county of Luxemburg, the younger branch of the House of Limburg-Arlon is the family that succeeded in getting one of its scions elected Holy Roman Emperor. From there descended the Kings of Bohemia, several other Emperors and a King of Hungary as shown below.