William Lawless

William Lawless
Born	20 April 1772 Dublin, Ireland
Died	25 December 1824 (aged 52) Paris, France
Buried	Pere Lachaise Cemetery
Allegiance	United Irishmen First French Republic First French Empire
Years of service	1800–1814
Rank	General
Unit	Irish Legion
Battles / wars	Irish Rebellion of 1798 Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland Napoleonic Wars German Campaign of 1813 Battle of Dresden

General William Lawless (20 April 1772 – 25 December 1824) was a Dublin-born surgeon^[1] and important member of the Society of the United Irishmen,^[2] a revolutionary republican organisation in late 18th century Ireland.

Lawless, a Catholic, was the confidant of Lord Edward FitzGerald,^[3] and Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin. Closely connected with John Sheares in the direction of affairs in the spring of 1798, a warrant for his arrest was issued on 20 May with a reward of £300.^[4] Timely notice was, however, given him of the fact by Mr. Stewart, the Surgeon-General, and he escaped to France, where his abilities and spirit recommended him to the special favour of Napoleon.^[5] While in Paris, he spent time with other United Irishmen in exile, including Myles Byrne and William James MacNeven.^[6]

He was placed on half-pay in 1800, but in 1803 was appointed captain of the Irish Legion,^[7] and in July 1806 was ordered to Vlissingen, then besieged by the English, to command the Irish battalion. To reach his post he had to pass in a small open boat through the English fleet. He was dangerously wounded in a sortie, and when General Monet capitulated without stipulating for the treatment of the Irish as prisoners of war, Lawless escaped from the town with the eagle of his regiment, concealed himself for two months in a doctor's house, and at length found an opportunity of getting by night in a fishing boat to Antwerp. Marshall Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte welcomed him, extolled him in general orders, and reported his exploits to Napoleon, who summoned him to Paris, decorated him with the Legion of Honour, and promoted him to be lieutenant-colonel. In 1812 he gained a colonelcy, and on 21 August 1813 he lost a leg at the battle of Dresden.^[8]

After the restoration of the Bourbons, Lawless was returned, in October 1814, to half-pay with the rank of brigadier-general. General Lawless died in Paris, on 25 December 1824, aged 52. His remains were buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.^[9] Thomas Moore described him as "a person of that mild and quiet exterior which is usually found to accompany the most determined spirit."^[10]

• Alfred Webb 1878, A Compendium of Irish Biography: Comprising Sketches of Distinguished Irishmen, Eminent Persons Connected with Ireland by Office or by their Writings, Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son, Sackville Street. (http://www.libraryireland.com/biography/index.php, accessed March 2, 2016) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Lyons JB., 1998, William Lawless: an Irish and French revolutionary., J Ir Coll Physicians Surg. 1998 Oct;27(4):238-42.
• R.R. Madden, 1860, The United Irishmen: Their Lives and Times, with Several Additional Memoirs, and Authentic Documents, Heretofore Unpublished, the Whole Matter Newly Arranged and Revised, Volume 4, James Duffy, 1860 - Ireland.
• Miles Byrne 1909, Memoirs Of Miles Byrne: Edited By His Widow: A New Edition with an Introduction by Stephen Gwyn, Vol. I., Dublin - Maunsel & Co., Limited; London: A. H. Bullen
• Alger, John Goldworth (1892). "Lawless, William" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 32. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
• Alger, J. G.; Gates, David. "Lawless, William (1772–1824)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16164. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)