Noccaea fendleri
| Noccaea fendleri | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | Noccaea |
| Species: | N. fendleri
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| Binomial name | |
| Noccaea fendleri | |
| Subspecies[2] | |
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| Range of Noccaea fendleri within the United States | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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List
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Noccaea fendleri more commonly known as wild candytuft and alpine pennycress is a wildflower in the mustard family from western North America. It grows in mountains from northern Mexico to the northern United States. It blooms early in the spring and provides nectar to butterflies.
Description
[edit]Noccaea fendleri is a small perennial plant. They range in size from just 1 centimeter to as much as 45 centimeters in height, but are most often 4–32 centimeters tall.[3][2] The stems may be without branches or be branched near their ends.[4] Very often it will grow as a clump of plants, but may also be a single rosette.
Plants have more basal leaves, ones that grow directly from the base of the plant, than ones on their stems. Leaves are dark green in color and have smooth edges,[5] but are sometimes slightly purple.[6] The leaf surface is smooth, without hairs, and sometimes covered in a waxy coating (glaucous).[6] The shape of the basal leaves are quite variable and may be narrow and grass like (blade linear), a narrow rectangle with rounded corners (oblong leaf), resemble a spear head (oblanceolate), somewhat egg shaped (ovate leaf), be shaped like a teardrop with the stem the narrow end (obovate), or be shaped like a spoon (spatulate). They are also variable in size, 4–30 millimeters long and 2–20 millimeters wide. Leaves are attached to the base of the plant by a small stem (a petiole 0.4–7.3 centimeters long.[3] The leaves on the stems are attached alternately to them and the bases of the leaves partially surround the stems (a clasping leaf).[5] Each stem may have from two to twenty-one leaves.[3]
The species blooms early in the spring,[5] though this varies by local climate and they may bloom from April to August for the most common subspecies.[7] Its flowers usually have white petals and yellow centers, but the flowers sometimes are tinged slightly purple or pink.[5] The petal length is 4.2–13 millimeters long by 1–4.9 millimeters wide.[3]
The fruit is a type of pod called a silicle, two fused carpels that will split open when ripe.[6] They have a range of possible shapes including teardrop shaped (obovate), heart shaped attached at the tip (obcordate), triangular with nearly equal sides (obdeltate), and round with a point (elliptic).[3] The seeds are egg shaped, brown in color, and 1.1–2 millimeters long.[6]
Taxonomy
[edit]Noccaea fendleri has a long and complicated taxonomic history. The autonymic name of one of its subspecies, Noccaea fendleri subsp. fendleri, was described and named Iberis badensis by Carl Linnaeus in 1755.[2] Thereafter it was frequently described in the pennycress genus, Thlaspi. It received its current classification and name in 1998 from the botanist Josef Ludwig Holub.[2] As of 2024[update] this is the classification used in Plants of the World Online, World Flora Online,[8] and the Flora of North America.[3]
Subspecies
[edit]As of 2024[update] there are five recognized subspecies:[2]
Noccaea fendleri subsp. californica
[edit]This subspecies is distinguished by its elliptic seed pods.[3] It is a rare plant, only known from serpentinite rock outcrops in the Kneeland Prairie area of Humboldt County, California.[9]
Noccaea fendleri subsp. fendleri
[edit]The autonymic subspecies has 4–6 seeds in each fruit, like subspecies glauca. It has longer petals, typically 6.5-11 millimeters and its racemes are usually compact.[3] It grows in the US states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas and in northern Mexico.[10][11]
Noccaea fendleri subsp. glauca
[edit]Subspecies glauca, like fendleri, has 4–6 seeds in each fruit, but has shorter petals. Usually they are 4–7 millimeters long and a more loose and open raceme.[3] This subspecies is a known hyperaccumulator of nickel, with the heavy metal being concentrated in all parts of the plant including the reproductive parts and nectar.[12] It is the most widespread and common of the five subspecies.[7]
Noccaea fendleri subsp. idahoense
[edit]This subspecies has narrower leaves than others, grass like (linear) or like a narrow spear head (narrowly oblanceolate).[3] It has a restricted range and is only found in central Idaho in Blaine, Boise, Custer, Elmore, and Valley counties at elevations of 2100–3700 meters.[13] It is also known by the common name "Idaho candytuft".[14]
Noccaea fendleri subsp. siskiyouense
[edit]This subspecies has 2–4 seeds in each fruit and leaf stems that are much longer than the basal leaves, usually two or three times longer, but sometimes as much as four times longer. It is only found in Curry, Douglas, and Josephine counties in south west Oregon.[3]
Names
[edit]The species was scientifically named by Asa Gray to honor Augustus Fendler, who collected some of the specimens that were used in his 1853 description of it as Thlaspi fendleri.[15][2] This species is known in English as "alpine pennycress",[16] "mountain pennycress",[1] "wild candytuft", and "Fendler's pennycress".[5]
Range and habitat
[edit]Noccaea fendleri is native to western North America from Washington state and Montana in the US[16] to Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Sonora in northern Mexico.[11]
It grows in alpine and montane ecosystems and prefers rocky slopes and forest openings.[17] The most common of its subspecies, glauca, can be found at elevations of 300–4400 meters.[7]
Cultivation
[edit]Wild candytuft is used in native plant gardens for its butterfly attracting white flowers. They are winter hardy in USDA zones 2–8 and are adaptable to many soil types. They also will grow in full sun or shade. They tolerate drought conditions by going dormant.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b NatureServe (2024). "Noccaea fendleri". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Noccaea fendleri (A.Gray) Holub". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (6 November 2020). "Noccaea fendleri - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (2012). "Noccaea fendleri". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Busco, Janice; Morin, Nancy R. (2010). Native plants for high-elevation western gardens (2nd ed.). Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum. pp. 220–221. ISBN 978-1-55591-740-1. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. p. 373. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ a b c Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (5 November 2020). "Noccaea fendleri subsp. glauca - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ "Noccaea fendleri (A.Gray) Holub". World Flora Online. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (5 November 2020). "Noccaea fendleri subsp. californica - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (5 November 2020). "Noccaea fendleri subsp. fendleri - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ a b Hassler, Michael (9 March 2024). "Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 19.1". World Plants. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Meindl, George A.; Bain, Daniel J.; Ashman, Tia-Lynn (2014). "Variation in nickel accumulation in leaves, reproductive organs and floral rewards in two hyperaccumulating Brassicaceae species". Plant and Soil. 383 (1/2): 349–356. ISSN 0032-079X. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (5 November 2020). "Noccaea fendleri subsp. idahoensis - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ Earle, A. Scott; Lundin, Jane (2012). Idaho Mountain Wildflowers : A Photographic Compendium (3rd ed.). Boise, Idaho: Larkspur Books. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-615-58854-4. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Wright, Charles; Gray, Asa (1853). "Plantae Wrightianae Texano–Neo-Mexicanae. Part II". Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. 5. Smithsonian Institution: 14. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ a b NRCS (19 March 2024), "Noccaea fendleri", PLANTS Database, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
- ^ Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado (1st ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: BRIT Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-889878-45-4.