Listwanite

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Listwanite (also sometimes spelled listvenite, listvanite, or listwaenite) is a rock type that forms when the groundmass of ultramafic rocks, most commonly mantle peridotites, is partially altered to carbonate minerals and cut by ubiquitous carbonate veins containing one or more of magnesite, calcite, dolomite, ankerite, and/or siderite. Original pyroxene and olivine in the peridotite are commonly altered to Mg- or Ca-carbonate and hydrous Mg-silicates, such as serpentine and talc. Complete carbonation of peridotite means that every single atom of magnesium and calcium as well as some of the iron atoms have combined with CO₂ to form secondary carbonate minerals such a magnesite, calcite, and siderite, while the remaining silica atoms, formerly found in pyroxene and olivine (prior to alteration), are found in quartz, serpentine, and talc. Thus, in terms of bulk mineralogy, listwanites consist primarily of quartz (often of a rusty red colour), carbonate, serpentine, talc, ± mariposite/fuchsite (i.e., Cr-muscovite) ± gold.

Geologists^[who?] are still^[when?] studying how listwanites form, but they likely^{[according to whom?]} form through the reaction of CO₂-rich fluids with peridotites at approximately 50 to 200 °C. Faults and fractures permit the percolation of the CO₂-rich fluids through peridotite, so the formation of listwanites is generally considered^{[by whom?]} to be structurally controlled.

Listwanites are important rocks to study for a number of reasons. First of all, listwanites contain large amounts of CO₂ which originated from fluids that is now stored in solid mineral form. Recently, geologists and other scientists have been investigating the potential of storing CO₂ in solid minerals (which are more stable than CO₂ stored as a liquid or gas) through carbonation of mafic and ultramafic rocks.^[1] Mafic and ultramafic rocks take up significant CO₂ through their natural alteration processes. However, the natural carbonation rates of these rocks are too slow to significantly offset anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Therefore, scientists are currently investigating if it is possible to geoengineer CO₂ uptake in mafic and ultramafic rocks so that this CO₂ uptake happens more quickly. This could be done, perhaps, by fracturing and heating and injection of CO₂-rich fluids. This is already being tested in mafic basalts through the CarbFix Project in Iceland and ultramafic peridotite through 44.01 Project in the Semail Ophiolite of Oman.

In addition to the recent^[when?] interest^{[by whom?]} in listwanites for carbon sequestration efforts, listwanites are also important because they are often^[when?] associated^[where?] with economic mineral deposits, particularly gold deposits.^[2]

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