John Roberton (born 1797)

John Roberton (20 March 1797 – 24 August 1876) was a Scottish physician and social reformer. He was a pioneer of modern obstetrics and of evidence-based medicine, and influential in the intellectual life of Victorian Manchester.

Roberton was born near Hamilton, Lanarkshire and educated for the medical profession at Glasgow and Edinburgh. He was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1817. He intended to be a ship's surgeon, and was on his way to the West Indies when he was wrecked on the Lancashire coast. While at Liverpool he was encouraged to take up his residence at Warrington. He became a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1822, and on 9 October 1823 married Mary (1794/5–1851), daughter of David Bellhouse.^[1] The couple subsequently moved to Manchester. He soon had an extensive general practice, and, on his appointment in 1827 to the post of surgeon to the Manchester Lying-in Hospital, turned his special attention to midwifery and to the physiology and diseases of women and children. He was also a lecturer at the Marsden Street School of Medicine. His first publication was Observations on the Mortality and Physical Management of Children (1827). From 1830 onwards he wrote a series of scientific papers for the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal on the time of onset of female puberty in various countries, which led James Cowles Prichard to alter some of the conclusions which he had arrived at in the earlier editions of his Physical History of Mankind. These, along with other similar papers, are reprinted in Roberton's most important work, Essays and Notes on the Physiology and Diseases of Women and on Practical Midwifery (London, 1851). He devoted much time to the subject of hospital construction and the provision of convalescent homes, on which he wrote a number of pamphlets between 1831 and 1861.^[2]

Roberton's advice was largely sought in the discipline in which he had specialized, obstetrics, and he was aware of the broader social and medical context of his work. He helped much to extend the fame of the Manchester school of obstetrics founded by Charles White and continued by John Hull and Thomas Radford.^[2]

He was an active social reformer, interesting himself in all local and national movements for improving the condition of working people and active in the Manchester Statistical Society. In religion, he was a puritan and nonconformist, and the intimate friend of the popular preachers Robert Stephen McAll and Robert Halley.^[2]

He died at his residence at New Mills, Derbyshire, where he had retired on relinquishing his practice. His wealth at death was under £40,000 (under £2.9 million at 2003 prices^[3]).^[1]

• [Anon., J. Roberton] (1851) On the Partition of Landed Property
• Fagg, J. [J. Roberton] (1853) Educational Voluntaryism an amiable Delusion
• Roberton, J. (1836) Critical Remarks on certain recently published Opinions concerning Life and Mind
• — (1839) Answer to Objections against Vaccination
• — (1840) On a Proposal to withhold Outdoor Relief from Widows with Families
• — (1845a) Report on the Amount and Causes of Death in Manchester
• — (1845b) On the Proper Regulation of Labourers engaged in the Construction and Working of Railways
• — (1850) On the Climate of Manchester
• — (1854) Improvement of Municipal Government
• — (1855) National Schools of Ireland
• — (1857) On certain Legalised Forms of Temptation as Causes of Crime
• — (1862a) Insalubrity of the Deep Cornish Mines
• — (1862b) On the Laws of Nature's Ventilation
• — (1865) The Duty of England to provide a Gratuitous Compulsory Education for the Children of the Poorer Classes
• Topping, G. [J. Roberton] (1854) Educational Voluntaryism an amiable Delusion

• [Anon.] (1867) Catalogue and report of the obstetrical and other instruments exhibited at the "conversazione" of the Obstetrical Society of London, 80, 138, 167, 223 [exhibition catalogue, RCP Lond., 28 March 1866]
• Carver, A. (1969). John Roberton, 1797–1876.
• Leech, E. B. (1940). "Florence Nightingale to a Manchester surgeon". Manchester University Medical School Gazette. 19: 44–45.
• "A letter from John Roberton concerning his voyage from Glasgow to Liverpool". Manchester University Medical School Gazette. 14: 103. 1934–1935.
• Loudon, I., ed. (1995). Childbed Fever: a documentary history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019820499X.
• Mottram, J. (1984) "John Roberton, 1797–1876', in ed. W. J. Elwood and A. F. Tuxford (eds) Some Manchester Doctors: a biographical collection to mark the 150th Anniversary of the Manchester Medical Society, 1834–1984, Manchester: Manchester University Press ISBN 0-7190-1754-8; pp. 83–88
• — (1986) "The life and work of John Roberton (1797–1876), Manchester obstetrician and public health reformer", MSc diss., University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
• — (2004) "Roberton, John (1797–1876)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 9 February 2008 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
• Young, J. H. (1966–1967). "John Roberton (1797–1876), obstetrician and social reformer". Manchester Medical Gazette. 46/2 (2): 14–19. PMID 5343007.

Obituaries

• Manchester Guardian, 28 August 1876;
• English Independent, 31 August 1876;
• Medical Times and Gazette, 30 September 1876, 396

Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Roberton, John". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.