Kyiso

Kyiso
ကျဉ်စိုး
Kyiso ; ကျဉ်စိုး
	Represented as Shin Mingaung nat (spirit)
King of Pagan
Reign	1021–1038
Predecessor	Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu
Successor	Sokkate
Born	c. December 1000 ; c. Pyatho 362 ME (Tuesday born); Pagan
Died	c. April 1038 (aged 37); Monywa
House	Pagan
Father	Nyaung-u Sawrahan
Mother	Taung Pyinthe
Religion	Buddhism

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Kyiso (Burmese: ကျဉ်စိုး, pronounced [tɕɪ̀ɰ̃só]; c. 1000–1038) was a king of the Pagan dynasty from 1021 to 1038. According to the Burmese chronicles, Kyiso was a son of King Nyaung-u Sawrahan but raised by King Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu. Kunhsaw married Nyuang-u's three chief queens, two of whom were pregnant and subsequently gave birth to Kyiso and Sokkate. Sokkate and Kyiso were raised by Kunhsaw as his own sons. When the two sons reached manhood, they forced Kunhsaw to abdicate the throne and become a monk.

Kyiso was an avid hunter, and was killed in a hunting accident near Monywa. He became Pareinma Shin Mingaung (Burmese: ပရိမ္မ ရှင်မင်းခေါင် [pəɹèɪɰ̃ma̰ ʃɪ̀ɰ̃ mɪ́ɰ̃ɡàʊɰ̃], "Usurper Mingaung of Pareinma") or Yoma Shin Mingaung nat or a spirit in Burmese folk religion.^[1]^[2]

Dates

Various chronicles do not agree on the dates regarding his life and reign.^[3] The oldest chronicle Zatadawbon Yazawin is considered to be the most accurate for the Pagan period.^{[note 2]} The table below lists the dates given by four main chronicles, as well as Hmannan's dates when anchored by the Anawrahta's inscriptionally verified accession date of 1044. The length of reign for Kyiso is given as 17 years by Zata but as six years by the others. According to Zata, it was Sokkate, the successor of Kyiso, who ruled for six years.^[3]

Chronicles	Birth–Death	Age	Reign	Length of reign
Zatadawbon Yazawin	1000–1038	38	1021–1038	17
Maha Yazawin	950–977	26	971–977	6
Yazawin Thit and Hmannan Yazawin	964–992	27	986–992	6
Hmannan adjusted	992–1020	27	1014–1020	6

Notes

^ (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 227): Kyiso was born 3 months earlier than his half-brother Sokkate. (Zata 1960: 63): Sokkate was born in Kason 363 ME. It means Kyiso was born c. Pyatho/Tabodwe of 362 ME (29 November 1000 to 26 January 1001). Since he was born on a Tuesday, he was born between 3 Dec 1000 to 21 January 1001.
^ (Maha Yazawin 2006: 346–349): Among the four major chronicles, only Zatadawbon Yazawin's dates line up with Anawrahta's inscriptionally verified accession date of 1044 CE. (Aung-Thwin 2005: 121–123): In general, Zata is considered "the most accurate of all Burmese chronicles, particularly with regard to the best-known Pagan and Ava kings, many of whose dates have been corroborated by epigraphy."

References

^ Harvey 1925: 19
^ "Myanmar Nats". myanmartravelagent.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
^ ^a ^b Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 347

Bibliography

Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2005). The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824828868.
Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Kala, U (1724). Maha Yazawin Gyi (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
Royal Historians of Burma (c. 1680). U Hla Tin (Hla Thamein) (ed.). Zatadawbon Yazawin (1960 ed.). Historical Research Directorate of the Union of Burma.
Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.

Regnal titles
Kyiso Pagan Dynasty Born: c. December 1000 Died: c. April 1038
Preceded by Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu	King of Pagan 1021–1038	Succeeded by Sokkate

[1] (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 227): Kyiso was born 3 months earlier than his half-brother Sokkate. (Zata 1960: 63): Sokkate was born in Kason 363 ME. It means Kyiso was born c. Pyatho/Tabodwe of 362 ME (29 November 1000 to 26 January 1001). Since he was born on a Tuesday, he was born between 3 Dec 1000 to 21 January 1001.

[5] (Maha Yazawin 2006: 346–349): Among the four major chronicles, only Zatadawbon Yazawin's dates line up with Anawrahta's inscriptionally verified accession date of 1044 CE. (Aung-Thwin 2005: 121–123): In general, Zata is considered "the most accurate of all Burmese chronicles, particularly with regard to the best-known Pagan and Ava kings, many of whose dates have been corroborated by epigraphy."

[geh-19-2] Harvey 1925: 19

[3] "Myanmar Nats". myanmartravelagent.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2010-09-23.

[my-1-347-4] Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 347

[note 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[note 2]

v t e Burmese monarchs
Pagan dynasty 849–1297	Pyinbya Tannet Sale Theinhko Nyaung-u Sawrahan Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu Kyiso Sokkate Anawrahta Saw Lu Kyansittha Sithu I Narathu Naratheinkha Sithu II Htilominlo Naratheinga Uzana¹ Kyaswa Uzana Narathihapate Kyawswa²
Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms 1297–1364	Athinkhaya¹, Yazathingyan¹ and Thihathu¹ Thihathu Uzana I Sithu¹ Kyawswa I Kyawswa II Narathu Uzana II
Sagaing Kingdom 1315–1364	Saw Yun Tarabya I Anawrahta I Kyaswa Anawrahta II Tarabya II Minbyauk Thihapate
Kingdom of Ava 1364–1555	Thado Minbya Swa Saw Ke Tarabya Minkhaung I Thihathu Min Hla Kale Kye-Taung Nyo Mohnyin Thado Minye Kyawswa I Narapati I Thihathura Minkhaung II and Thihathura II Narapati II Sawlon³ and Thohanbwa³ Hkonmaing³ Narapati III³ Narapati IV³
Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552	Wareru Hkun Law Saw O Saw Zein Zein Pun Saw E Binnya E Law Binnya U Maha Dewi¹ Razadarit Binnya Dhammaraza Binnya Ran I Binnya Waru Binnya Kyan Leik Munhtaw Shin Sawbu Dhammazedi Binnya Ran II Takayutpi Smim Sawhtut⁴ Smim Htaw⁴
Mrauk U Kingdom 1429–1785	Saw Mon Khayi Ba Saw Phyu Dawlya Ba Saw Nyo Ran Aung Salingathu Raza Gazapati Saw O Thazata Minkhaung Min Bin Dikkha Saw Hla Sekkya Phalaung Razagyi Khamaung Thiri Thudhamma Sanay Narapati Thado Sanda Thudhamma Thiri Thuriya Wara Dhammaraza Muni Thudhammaraza Sanda Thuriya I Nawrahta Mayuppiya Kalamandat Naradipati Sanda Wimala I Sanda Thuriya II Sanda Wizaya Sanda Thuriya III Naradipati II Narapawara Sanda Wizala Madarit Nara Apaya Thirithu Sanda Parama Apaya Sanda Thumana Sanda Wimala II Sanda Thaditha Maha Thammada
Prome Kingdom 1482–1542	Thado Minsaw Bayin Htwe Narapati⁵ Minkhaung⁵
Toungoo dynasty 1510–1752	Mingyi Nyo Tabinshwehti Bayinnaung Nanda Nyaungyan Anaukpetlun Minye Deibba Thalun Pindale Pye Narawara Minye Kyawhtin Sanay Min Taninganway Min Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1740–1757	Smim Htaw Buddhaketi Binnya Dala
Konbaung dynasty 1752–1885	Alaungpaya Naungdawgyi Hsinbyushin Singu Phaungka Bodawpaya Bagyidaw Tharrawaddy Pagan Mindon Thibaw
¹ Regent or Co-Regent ² Mongol vassal (1297) ³ Confederation of Shan States (1527–55) ⁴ Brief revival (1550–52) ⁵ Vassal of the Confederation of Shan States (1532–42)