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Dividing line between metals and nonmetals

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1 2  ...  12 13 14 15 16 17 18
  H
                 He
  
Li
 Be
 B
 C
 N
 O
 F
 Ne
Na
 Mg
 Al
 Si
 P
 S
 Cl
 Ar
K
 Ca
 Zn
 Ga
 Ge
 As
 Se
 Br
 Kr
Rb
 Sr
 Cd
 In
 Sn
 Sb
 Te
 I
 Xe
Cs
 Ba
 Hg
 Tl
 Pb
 Bi
 Po
 At
 Rn
Fr
 Ra
 Cn
 Nh
 Fl
 Mc
 Lv
 Ts
 Og
Condensed periodic table showing a typical metal–nonmetal dividing line.
  Elements commonly recognised as metalloids (boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium) and those inconsistently recognised as such (polonium and astatine)
  Metal-nonmetal dividing line (arbitrary): between Li and H, Be and B, Al and Si, Ge and As, Sb and Te, Po and At, Ts and Og
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The dividing line between metals and nonmetals can be found, in varying configurations, on some representations of the periodic table of the elements (see mini-example, right). Elements to the lower left of the line generally display increasing metallic behaviour; elements to the upper right display increasing nonmetallic behaviour. When presented as a regular stair-step, elements with the highest critical temperature for their groups (Li, Be, Al, Ge, Sb, Po) lie just below the line.[1]

The location and therefore usefulness of the line is debated. It cuts through the metalloids, elements that share properties between metals and nonmetals, in an arbitrary manner, since the transition between metallic and non-metallic properties among these elements is gradual.

Names

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This line has been called the amphoteric line,[2] the metal-nonmetal line,[3] the metalloid line,[4][5] the semimetal line,[6] or the staircase.[2][n 1] While it has also been called the Zintl border[8] or the Zintl line[9][10] these terms instead refer to a vertical line sometimes drawn between groups 13 and 14. This particular line was named by Laves in 1941.[11] It differentiates group 13 elements from those in and to the right of group 14. The former generally combine with electropositive metals to make intermetallic compounds whereas the latter usually form salt-like compounds.[12]

History

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References to a dividing line between metals and nonmetals appear in the literature as far back as at least 1869.[13] In 1891, Walker published a periodic "tabulation" with a diagonal straight line drawn between the metals and the nonmetals.[14] In 1906, Alexander Smith published a periodic table with a zigzag line separating the nonmetals from the rest of elements, in his highly influential[15] textbook Introduction to General Inorganic Chemistry.[16] In 1923, Horace G. Deming, an American chemist, published short (Mendeleev style) and medium (18-column) form periodic tables.[17] Each one had a regular stepped line separating metals from nonmetals. Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming's 18-column table, in 1928, which was widely circulated in American schools. By the 1930s Deming's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry. It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company.[18][19][20]

Double line variant

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A dividing line between metals and nonmetals is sometimes replaced by two dividing lines. One line separates metals and metalloids; the other metalloids and nonmetals.[21][22]

Concerns

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Mendeleev wrote that, "It is, however, impossible to draw a strict line of demarcation between metals and nonmetals, there being many intermediate substances".[23][n 2][n 3] Several other sources note confusion or ambiguity as to the location of the dividing line;[26][27] suggest its apparent arbitrariness[28] provides grounds for refuting its validity;[29] and comment as to its misleading, contentious or approximate nature.[30][31][32] Deming himself noted that the line could not be drawn very accurately.[33]

Bonding of simple substances

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The table below distinguishes the elements whose stable allotropes at standard conditions are exclusively metallic (yellow) from those that are not. (Carbon and arsenic, which have both stable metallic and nonmetallic forms, are coloured according to their stable nonmetallic forms.)

Bonding of simple substances in the periodic table
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Group →
↓ Period
1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

Notes

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  1. ^ Sacks[7] described the dividing line as, 'A jagged line, like Hadrian's Wall ... [separating] the metals from the rest, with a few "semimetals", metalloids—arsenic, selenium—straddling the wall.'
  2. ^ In the context of Mendeleev's observation, Glinka[24] adds that: "In classing an element as a metal or a nonmetal we only indicate which of its properties—metallic or nonmetallic—are more pronounced in it".
  3. ^ Mendeleev regarded tellurium as such an intermediate substance: '... it is a bad conductor of heat and electricity, and in this respect, as in many others, it forms a transition from the metals to the nonmetals.'[25]

Citations

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  1. ^ Horvath 1973, p. 336
  2. ^ a b Levy 2001, p. 158
  3. ^ Tarendash 2001, p. 78
  4. ^ Thompson 1999
  5. ^ DiSalvo 2000, p. 1800
  6. ^ Whitley 2009
  7. ^ Sacks 2001, pp. 191, 194
  8. ^ King 2005, p. 6006
  9. ^ Herchenroeder & Gschneidner 1988
  10. ^ De Graef & McHenry 2007, p. 34
  11. ^ Kniep 1996, p. xix
  12. ^ Nordell & Miller 1999, p. 579
  13. ^ Hinrichs 1869, p. 115. In his article Hinrichs included a periodic table, organized by atomic weight, but this did not show a metal-nonmetal dividing line. Rather, he wrote that, "... elements of like properties or their compounds of like properties, form groups bounded by simple lines. Thus a line drawn through C, As, Te, separates the elements, having metallic lustre from those not having such lustre. The gaseous elements form a small group by themselves, the condensible [sic] chlorine forming the boundary ... So also the boundary lines for other properties may be drawn."
  14. ^ Walker 1891, p. 252
  15. ^ Miles & Gould 1976, p. 444: "His 'Introduction to General Inorganic Chemistry,' 1906, was one of the most important textbooks in the field during the first quarter of the twentieth century."
  16. ^ Smith 1906, pp. 408, 410
  17. ^ Deming 1923, pp. 160, 165
  18. ^ Abraham, Coshow & Fix, W 1994, p. 3
  19. ^ Emsley 1985, p. 36
  20. ^ Fluck 1988, p. 432
  21. ^ Brown & Holme 2006, p. 57
  22. ^ Swenson 2005
  23. ^ Mendeléeff 1897, p. 23
  24. ^ Glinka 1959, p. 77
  25. ^ Mendeléeff 1897, p. 274
  26. ^ MacKay & MacKay 1989, p. 24
  27. ^ Norman 1997, p. 31
  28. ^ Whitten, Davis & Peck 2003, p. 1140
  29. ^ Roher 2001, pp. 4–6
  30. ^ Hawkes 2001, p. 1686
  31. ^ Kotz, Treichel & Weaver 2005, pp. 79–80
  32. ^ Housecroft & Constable 2006, p. 322
  33. ^ Deming 1923, p. 381

References

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  • Abraham M, Coshow, D & Fix, W 1994, Periodicity: A source book module, version 1.0. Chemsource, Inc., New York, viewed 26 Aug 11
  • Brown L & Holme T 2006, Chemistry for engineering students, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont CA, ISBN 0-495-01718-3
  • De Graef M & McHenry ME 2007, Structure of materials: an introduction to crystallography, diffraction and symmetry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-65151-4
  • Deming HG 1923, General chemistry: An elementary survey, John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • DiSalvo FJ 2000, 'Challenges and opportunities in solid-state chemistry', Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 1799–1807, doi:10.1351/pac200072101799
  • Emsley J, 1985 'Mendeleyev's dream table', New Scientist, 7 March, pp. 32–36
  • Fluck E 1988, 'New notations in the period table', Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 431–436
  • Glinka N 1959, General chemistry, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow
  • Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, doi:10.1021/ed078p1686
  • Herchenroeder JW & Gschneidner KA 1988, 'Stable, metastable and nonexistent allotropes', Journal of Phase Equilibria, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 2–12, doi:10.1007/BF02877443
  • Hinrichs GD 1869, 'On the classification and the atomic weights of the so-called chemical elements, with particular reference to Stas's determinations', Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, vol. 18, pp. 112–124
  • Horvath 1973, 'Critical temperature of elements and the periodic system', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 335–336, doi:10.1021/ed050p335
  • Housecroft CE & Constable EC 2006, Chemistry, 3rd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow, England, ISBN 0-13-127567-4
  • King RB (ed.) 2005, Encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, p. 6006, ISBN 0-470-86078-2
  • Kniep R 1996, 'Eduard Zintl: His life and scholarly work', in SM Kauzlarich (ed.), Chemistry, structure and bonding of Zintl phases and ions, VCH, New York, pp. xvii–xxx, ISBN 1-56081-900-6
  • Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2005, Chemistry & chemical reactivity, 6th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, ISBN 0-534-99766-X
  • Levy J 2011, The bedside book of chemistry, Pier 9, Millers Point, Sydney, ISBN 978-1-74266-035-6
  • MacKay KM & MacKay RA 1989, Introduction to modern inorganic chemistry, 4th ed., Blackie, Glasgow, ISBN 0-216-92534-7
  • Mendeléeff DI 1897, The principles of chemistry, vol. 1, 5th ed., trans. G Kamensky, AJ Greenaway (ed.), Longmans, Green & Co., London
  • Miles WD & Gould RF 1976, American chemists and chemical engineers, vol. 1, American Chemical Society, Washington
  • Nordell KJ & Miller GJ 1999, 'Linking intermetallics and Zintl compounds: An investigation of ternary trielides (Al, Ga, In) forming the NaZn13 structure type', Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 579–590
  • Norman NC 1997, Periodicity and the s- and p-block elements, Oxford University, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-855961-5
  • Roher GS 2001, Structure and bonding in crystalline materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-66379-2
  • Smith A 1906, Introduction to general inorganic chemistry, The Century Company, New York
  • Swenson J 2005, 'Classification of noble gases', in Ask a scientist, Chemistry archive
  • Tarendash AS 2001, Let's review: Chemistry, the physical setting, Barron's Educational Series, Hauppauge, New York, ISBN 0-7641-1664-9
  • Thompson R 1999, 'Re: What is the metalloid line and where is it located on the Periodic Table?', MadSci Network
  • Walker J 1891, 'On the periodic tabulation of the elements', The Chemical News, vol. LXIII, no. 1644, May 29, pp. 251–253
  • Whitley K 2009, Periodic table: Metals, non-metals, and semi-metals
  • Whitten KW, Davis RE & Peck LM 2003, A qualitative analysis supplement, 7th ed., Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, ISBN 0-534-40876-1
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