Deeplearning4j

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Eclipse Deeplearning4j

Original author(s)	Alex D. Black, Adam Gibson, Vyacheslav Kokorin, Josh Patterson
Developer(s)	Kondiut K. K. and contributors
Preview release	1.0.0-beta7 / 13 May 2020; 4 years ago (2020-05-13)[1]
Repository	github.com/deeplearning4j/deeplearning4j
Written in	Java, CUDA, C, C++,
Operating system	Linux, macOS, Windows, Android, iOS
Platform	CUDA, x86, ARM, PowerPC
Available in	English
Type	Natural language processing, deep learning, machine vision, artificial intelligence
License	Apache License 2.0
Website	www.deeplearning4j.org

Eclipse Deeplearning4j is a programming library written in Java for the Java virtual machine (JVM).^[2][3] It is a framework with wide support for deep learning algorithms.^[4] Deeplearning4j includes implementations of the restricted Boltzmann machine, deep belief net, deep autoencoder, stacked denoising autoencoder and recursive neural tensor network, word2vec, doc2vec, and GloVe. These algorithms all include distributed parallel versions that integrate with Apache Hadoop and Spark.^[5]

Deeplearning4j is open-source software released under Apache License 2.0,^[6] developed mainly by a machine learning group headquartered in San Francisco.^[7] It is supported commercially by the startup Skymind, which bundles DL4J, TensorFlow, Keras and other deep learning libraries in an enterprise distribution called the Skymind Intelligence Layer.^[8] Deeplearning4j was contributed to the Eclipse Foundation in October 2017.^[9][10]

Deeplearning4j relies on the widely used programming language Java, though it is compatible with Clojure and includes a Scala application programming interface (API). It is powered by its own open-source numerical computing library, ND4J, and works with both central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs).^[11][12]

Deeplearning4j has been used in several commercial and academic applications. The code is hosted on GitHub.^[13] A support forum is maintained on Gitter.^[14]

The framework is composable, meaning shallow neural nets such as restricted Boltzmann machines, convolutional nets, autoencoders, and recurrent nets can be added to one another to create deep nets of varying types. It also has extensive visualization tools,^[15] and a computation graph.^[16]

Training with Deeplearning4j occurs in a cluster. Neural nets are trained in parallel via iterative reduce, which works on Hadoop-YARN and on Spark.^[7][17] Deeplearning4j also integrates with CUDA kernels to conduct pure GPU operations, and works with distributed GPUs.

Deeplearning4j includes an n-dimensional array class using ND4J that allows scientific computing in Java and Scala, similar to the functions that NumPy provides to Python. It's effectively based on a library for linear algebra and matrix manipulation in a production environment.

DataVec vectorizes various file formats and data types using an input/output format system similar to Hadoop's use of MapReduce; that is, it turns various data types into columns of scalars termed vectors. DataVec is designed to vectorize CSVs, images, sound, text, video, and time series.^[18][19]

Deeplearning4j includes a vector space modeling and topic modeling toolkit, implemented in Java and integrating with parallel GPUs for performance. It is designed to handle large text sets.

Deeplearning4j includes implementations of term frequency–inverse document frequency (tf–idf), deep learning, and Mikolov's word2vec algorithm,^[20] doc2vec, and GloVe, reimplemented and optimized in Java. It relies on t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) for word-cloud visualizations.

Real-world use cases for Deeplearning4j include network intrusion detection and cybersecurity, fraud detection for the financial sector,^[21][22] anomaly detection in industries such as manufacturing, recommender systems in e-commerce and advertising,^[23] and image recognition.^[24] Deeplearning4j has integrated with other machine-learning platforms such as RapidMiner, Prediction.io,^[25] and Weka.^[26]

Deeplearning4j serves machine-learning models for inference in production using the free developer edition of SKIL, the Skymind Intelligence Layer.^[27][28] A model server serves the parametric machine-learning models that makes decisions about data. It is used for the inference stage of a machine-learning workflow, after data pipelines and model training. A model server is the tool that allows data science research to be deployed in a real-world production environment.

What a Web server is to the Internet, a model server is to AI. Where a Web server receives an HTTP request and returns data about a Web site, a model server receives data, and returns a decision or prediction about that data: e.g. sent an image, a model server might return a label for that image, identifying faces or animals in photographs.

The SKIL model server is able to import models from Python frameworks such as Tensorflow, Keras, Theano and CNTK, overcoming a major barrier in deploying deep learning models.

Deeplearning4j is as fast as Caffe for non-trivial image recognition tasks using multiple GPUs.^[29] For programmers unfamiliar with HPC on the JVM, there are several parameters that must be adjusted to optimize neural network training time. These include setting the heap space, the garbage collection algorithm, employing off-heap memory and pre-saving data (pickling) for faster ETL.^[30] Together, these optimizations can lead to a 10x acceleration in performance with Deeplearning4j.

Deeplearning4j can be used via multiple API languages including Java, Scala, Python, Clojure and Kotlin. Its Scala API is called ScalNet.^[31] Keras serves as its Python API.^[32] And its Clojure wrapper is known as DL4CLJ.^[33] The core languages performing the large-scale mathematical operations necessary for deep learning are C, C++ and CUDA C.

Tensorflow, Keras and Deeplearning4j work together. Deeplearning4j can import models from Tensorflow and other Python frameworks if they have been created with Keras.^[34]

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