Agon

Agon (Greek ἀγών) is a Greek term for a conflict, struggle or contest. This could be a contest in athletics, in chariot or horse racing, or in music or literature at a public festival in ancient Greece. Agon is the word-forming element in 'agony', explaining the concept of agon(y) in tragedy by its fundamental characters, the protagonist and antagonist.

Athletics

In one sense, agon meant a contest or a competition in athletics, for example, the Olympic Games (Ὀλυμπιακοὶ Ἀγῶνες).^[1] Agon was also a mythological personification of the contests listed above.^[2] This god was represented in a statue at Olympia with halteres (dumbbells) (ἁλτῆρες) in his hands. This statue was a work of sculptor Dionysius [ca; sk], and dedicated by Micythus of Rhegium.^[3]

Religion

According to Pausanias, Agon was recognized in the Greek world as a deity, whose statue appeared at Olympia, presumably in connection with the Olympic Games, which operated as both religious festival in honor of Zeus and athletic competition.^[4] Agon is, perhaps, more of a spirit than a god in Greek mythology, but was understood to be related to both Zelos (rivalry) and Nike (victory).^[5] More generally, Agon referred to any competitive event that was held in connection with religious festivals, including athletics, music, or dramatic performances.^[6]

Agon also appears as a concept in the New Testament^[7]^[8] and is defined in that context by Strong's Concordance as, agón: a gathering, contest, struggle; as an (athletic) contest; hence, a struggle (in the soul).^[9]

Theater

In Ancient Greek drama, particularly Old Comedy (fifth century B.C.),^[10] agon refers to a contest or debate between two characters - the protagonist and the antagonist - in the highly structured Classical tragedies and dramas. The agon could also develop between an actor and the choir or between two actors with half of the chorus supporting each. Through the argument of opposing principles, the agon in these performances resembled the dialectic dialogues of Plato.^[11] The meaning of the term has escaped the circumscriptions of its classical origins to signify, more generally, the conflict on which a literary work turns.

Dance

In 1948, Lincoln Kirstein posed the idea of a ballet that would later become known as Agon. After ten years of work before Agon's premiere, it became the final ballet in a series of collaborations between choreographer George Balanchine and composer Igor Stravinsky.^[12] Balanchine referred to this ballet as "the most perfect work" to come out of the collaboration between Stravinsky and himself.^[13]

Literature

Harold Bloom in The Western Canon uses the term agon to refer to the attempt by a writer to resolve an intellectual conflict between his ideas and the ideas of an influential predecessor in which "the larger swallows the smaller", such as in chapter 18, Joyce's agon with Shakespeare.

In Man, Play, and Games (1961),^[14] Roger Caillois uses the term agon to describe competitive games in which the players have equal chances but the winner succeeds because of "a single quality (speed, endurance, strength, memory, skill, ingenuity, etc.), exercised, within defined limits and without outside assistance."^[15]

Sociopolitical theory

In sociopolitical theory, agon can refer to the idea that the clash of opposing forces necessarily results in growth and progress. The concept, known as agonism, has been proposed most explicitly by a number of scholars, including William E. Connolly, Bonnie Honig, and Claudio Colaguori,^[16] but is also implicitly present in the work of scholars such as Theodor Adorno, and Michel Foucault (see also agonistic democracy).

Derivatives

Words derived from agon include agony, agonism, antagonism, and protagonist.

Notes

^ Howatson, M. C. (ed.). "agon". Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.).
^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Agon". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 74.
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, book V (Elis), v. 26. § 3
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 5. 20. 3 and 5. 26. 3
^ "AGON - Greek God or Spirit of Contest". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
^ Trapido (1949)
^ Pfitzner (1 January 1967). Paul and the Agon Motif. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004265936. ISBN 978-90-04-26593-6.
^ As e.g. at 1 Timothy 6:12
^ Strong's Concordance
^ Humphreys, Milton W. (1887). "The Agon of the Old Comedy". The American Journal of Philology. 8 (2): 179–206. doi:10.2307/287385. JSTOR 287385.
^ ["agon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 17 February 2014.]
^ Alm, Irene (April 1989). "Stravinsky, Balanchine, and Agon: An Analysis Based on the Collaborative Process". The Journal of Musicology. 7 (2): 254–269. doi:10.2307/763771. JSTOR 763771.
^ Jordan, Stephanie (Autumn 1993). "Agon: A Musical/Choreographic Analysis". Dance Research Journal. 25 (2): 1–12. doi:10.2307/1478549. JSTOR 1478549. S2CID 191572990.
^ Simpson, Tim (2023). Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-5179-0031-1.
^ Guo, Li (2024). "The Courtesans' Drinking Games in The Dream in the Green Bower". In Guo, Li; Eyman, Douglas; Sun, Hongmei (eds.). Games & Play in Chinese & Sinophone Cultures. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780295752402.
^ Colaguori 2012