Amplification (psychology)
Amplification is used to describe a judged tendency of a person to amplify physical symptoms based on psychological factors such as anxiety or depression. Distinct interpretations of this type of presentation could be sensory processing disorder involving differences in the way a person reacts to sensory input which is regarded as a pervasive developmental disorder related to the autism spectrum; or there is an alternative psychological concept of 'innate sensitiveness' as a personality trait coined by Carl Jung later developed into the highly sensitive person trait. In one instance where amplification is used as a handle or point of reference or diagnosis it is said "somatosensory amplification refers to the tendency to experience somatic sensation as intense, noxious, and disturbing. What may be a minor 'twinge' or mild 'soreness' to the stoic, is a severe, consuming pain to the amplifier."[1]
Psychological state has been documented to affect the course of upper respiratory tract infection,[2][3] post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome,[4] and musculoskeletal pain.[5]
Amplification is not recognized by the American Psychiatric Association.
The somatosensory amplification scale (SAS) has been validated to measure amplification.[1] The scale contains four items measured with a five-item Likert scale:
- Sudden loud noises really disturb me
- I'm very uncomfortable when I'm in a place that is too hot or too cold
- I can't stand pain as well as most people can
- I find I'm often aware of various things happening in my body
- I'm quick to sense the hunger contractions in my stomach
Amplification is related to alexithymia.[6][7] Amplification may also contribute to multiple-drug intolerance (if the adverse effects that are reported are non-specific).[8] It is unclear whether amplification is related to observations that Type A personality trait may be associated with delayed recovery after organic illness.[9][10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Barsky AJ, Goodson JD, Lane RS, Cleary PD (1988). "The amplification of somatic symptoms". Psychosomatic Medicine. 50 (5): 510–9. doi:10.1097/00006842-198809000-00007. PMID 3186894. S2CID 29282201.
- ^ IMBODEN JB, CANTER A, CLUFF LE (1961). "Convalescence from influenza. A study of the psychological and clinical determinants". Arch. Intern. Med. 108: 393–9. doi:10.1001/archinte.1961.03620090065008. PMID 13717585.
- ^ Lane RS, Barsky AJ, Goodson JD (1988). "Discomfort and disability in upper respiratory tract infection". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 3 (6): 540–6. doi:10.1007/BF02596095. PMID 3230456. S2CID 28428075.
- ^ Thabane M, Kottachchi DT, Marshall JK (2007). "Systematic review and meta-analysis: the incidence and prognosis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26 (4): 535–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03399.x. PMID 17661757.
- ^ Mallen CD, Peat G, Thomas E, Dunn KM, Croft PR (2007). "Prognostic factors for musculoskeletal pain in primary care: a systematic review". The British Journal of General Practice. 57 (541): 655–61. PMC 2099673. PMID 17688762.
- ^ Wise, Thomas N.; Mann, Lee S. (August 1994). "The relationship between somatosensory amplification, alexithymia, and neuroticism". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 38 (6): 515–521. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90048-5. ISSN 0022-3999. PMID 7990059.
- ^ Nakao, Mutsuhiro; Barsky, Arthur J.; Kumano, Hiroaki; Kuboki, Tomifusa (January 2002). "Relationship Between Somatosensory Amplification and Alexithymia in a Japanese Psychosomatic Clinic". Psychosomatics. 43 (1): 55–60. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.43.1.55. ISSN 0033-3182. PMID 11927759. S2CID 9738550.
- ^ Davies SJ, Jackson PR, Ramsay LE, Ghahramani P (2003). "Drug intolerance due to nonspecific adverse effects related to psychiatric morbidity in hypertensive patients". Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (5): 592–600. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.5.592. PMID 12622606.
- ^ Jenkins CD, Jono RT, Stanton BA (1996). "Predicting completeness of symptom relief after major heart surgery". Behavioral Medicine. 22 (2): 45–57. doi:10.1080/08964289.1996.9933764. PMID 8879456.
- ^ Fields KB, Delaney M, Hinkle JS (1990). "A prospective study of type A behavior and running injuries". The Journal of Family Practice. 30 (4): 425–9. PMID 2324695.