Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics

Cycling at the XV Paralympic Games
Pictograms for road (left) and track (right) cycling
Venue	Rio Olympic Velodrome Copacabana Cluster
Dates	8–11 September 2016 (Track) 14-17 September 2016 (Road)
Competitors	230
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Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Road cycling
Road race	men	women
Time trial	men	women
Team relay	mixed
Track cycling
Time trial	men	women
Individual pursuit	men	women
Team sprint	mixed
v t e

Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Road race
	Men	Women
	B	B
		H1–4
	H2
	H3
	H4
	H5	H5
	C1–3	C1–3
	C4–5	C4–5
	T1–2	T1–2
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Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Road Time trial
	Men	Women
	B	B
		H1–3
	H2
	H3
	H4	H4–5
	H5
	C1	C1–3
	C2
	C3
	C4	C4
	C5	C5
	T1–2	T1–2
	Mixed H2–5
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Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Time trial - Kilo
	Men	Women
	B	B
	C1–3
	C4–5
Time trial - 500 m
		C1–3
		C4–5
Team sprint
	Mixed team sprint
v t e

Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Individual pursuit
	Men	Women
	B	B
	C1	C1–3
	C2
	C3
	C4	C4
	C5	C5
v t e

Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics consisted of 50 events in two main disciplines, track cycling and road cycling. The venues were the Rio Olympic Velodrome for track cycling in the Barra Cluster, and the Flamengo Park for the road cycling disciplines in the Copacapana Cluster.^[1] Seventeen events were contested on the track, and 33 on the road.^[2]

Cyclists are given a classification depending on the type and extent of their disability. This method is known as a functional system and was introduced in 2012. Athletes are classified according to their functional ability across four broad categories (blind or partially sighted tandem, handcycle, tricycle and standard bicycle).^[3] The class number indicates the severity of impairment with "1" being most impaired. The classification system allows cyclists to compete against others with a similar level of function.

Riders with recovering or deteriorating conditions such as MS are eligible but must have been reclassified within six months of a World Championships or Paralympic Games to ensure their classification is correct. Specialised equipment including prostheses is only allowed where it has been specifically approved.

B – tandem bicycle

This class is for athletes who have visual impairments and therefore ride tandem bicycles with a guide (known as a pilot). They may have any level of visual impairment from no light perception in either eye through to a visual acuity of 6/60 and/or a visual field of less than 20 degrees.^[4]

H (1-5) – handcycle

This class is for athletes who are lower limb amputees, have paraplegia or tetraplegia and ride a handcycle using arms to turn pedals for propulsion. H1–4 cyclists compete in a lying position, whereas H5 cyclists compete in a kneeling position.^[3]

T (1-2) – tricycle

This class is for athletes who have a neurological condition or an impairment which has a comparable effect on their cycling so that they are not able to compete on a standard bicycle for reasons of balance.^[3]

C (1-5) – standard bicycle

This class is for athletes with moderate locomotion impairment who do not require a tricycle. In many cases a modification will be allowed to accommodate a leg or arm prosthesis.^[3]

Some cycling events, 16 in total across track and road, are factored. This can happen when cyclists from different classes compete against each other and means that the results take into account the severity of the impairments of each competitor. As a result, some riders within an event will have their times ‘factored’ while other riders will not, or will have their time factored in a different calculation. The gold medal goes to the athlete with the fastest time after all the required times have been calculated. It is therefore possible for an athlete to break a paralympic or world record in their event for their specific classification, but to finish behind a differently classified athlete in that event after factoring. In such a case, the record is still treated as an official World, or as the case may be, Paralympic Games record within their classification for that event.

Factoring should not be confused with certain events where athletes with a greater impairment are entitled to compete in a race for athletes with a 'lesser' impairment, for example double amputees (such as Oscar Pistorius) in a single leg amputee athletics race alongside runners such as Jonnie Peacock or Richard Browne. In such races, no factoring is taken into account. In cycling, a number of the road races are cross-classification and non-factored despite factoring taking place in the time trial for the same classifications.

Events in each classification, including factored events in joined classifications are set out below.

Classification → Event ↓	B	C					T		H
		C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	T1	T2	H1	H2	H3	H4	H5
Road cycling
Men's road race	●	●			●		●			●	●	●	●
Women's road race	●	●			●		●		●				●
Men's time trial	●	●	●	●	●	●	●			●	●	●	●
Women's time trial	●	●			●	●	●		●			●
Mixed relay										●
Track cycling
Men's 1 km time trial	●	●			●
Men's individual pursuit	●	●	●	●	●	●
Women's 500m time trial		●			●
Women's 1000m time trial	●
Women's individual pursuit	●	●			●	●
Mixed team sprint		●

• B: Blind or partially sighted, tandem bicycle
• H: Handcycle
• T: Tricycle
• C: Standard bicycle, with modifications

235 cyclists from 45 nations competed.

As at the Olympic Games, Great Britain had a clear lead in the medal table based on dominance within the velodrome, particularly in the female events where Kadeena Cox became the first British paralympian in 32 years to win golds in two different sports at the same Games, and Sarah Storey confirmed herself as the most successful female paralympian from Great Britain, overtaking the record set by fellow peer Tanni Grey-Thompson.

On the road, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy were dominant, with racing driver turned handcyclist Alex Zanardi winning two gold medals and a silver to add to an identical haul from London in 2012. The United States, Australia and China also won more than ten medals each across the 50 events.

after 50 of 50 events

Key

  *   Host nation (Brazil)

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Great Britain (GBR)	12	3	6	21
2	Germany (GER)	8	3	4	15
3	Netherlands (NED)	5	5	6	16
4	Italy (ITA)	5	2	5	12
5	United States (USA)	4	9	5	18
6	Australia (AUS)	3	7	3	13
7	China (CHN)	3	3	4	10
8	Poland (POL)	2	3	0	5
9	Ireland (IRL)	2	2	1	5
10	Slovakia (SVK)	2	1	1	4
11	Ukraine (UKR)	2	0	0	2
12	Canada (CAN)	1	3	5	9
13	South Africa (RSA)	1	0	0	1
14	Austria (AUT)	0	2	0	2
	Japan (JPN)	0	2	0	2
16	Spain (ESP)	0	1	2	3
17	Belgium (BEL)	0	1	1	2
	Brazil (BRA)*	0	1	1	2
	New Zealand (NZL)	0	1	1	2
20	South Korea (KOR)	0	1	0	1
21	Colombia (COL)	0	0	3	3
22	France (FRA)	0	0	1	1
	Switzerland (SUI)	0	0	1	1
Totals (23 entries)		50	50	50	150

Event	Class	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Time trial details	B	Steve Bate  Great Britain	Vincent Ter Schure  Netherlands	Kieran Modra  Australia
	H2	Luca Mazzone  Italy	Will Groulx  United States	Brian Sheridan  United States
	H3	Vittorio Podestà  Italy	Walter Ablinger  Austria	Charles Moreau  Canada
	H4	Rafał Wilk  Poland	Thomas Fruhwirth  Austria	Vico Merklein  Germany
	H5	Alessandro Zanardi  Italy	Stuart Tripp  Australia	Oscar Sanchez  United States
	C1	Michael Teuber  Germany	Ross Wilson  Canada	Giancarlo Masini  Italy
	C2	Tristen Chernove  Canada	Colin Lynch  Ireland	Liang Guihua  China
	C3	Eoghan Clifford  Ireland	Masaki Fujita  Japan	Michael Sametz  Canada
	C4	Jozef Metelka  Slovakia	Kyle Bridgwood  Australia	Patrik Kuril  Slovakia
	C5	Yegor Dementyev  Ukraine	Alistair Donohoe  Australia	Lauro César Chaman  Brazil
	T1–2	Hans-Peter Durst  Germany	Ryan Boyle  United States	David Stone  Great Britain
Road race details	B	Vincent Ter Schure  Netherlands	Ignacio Ávila  Spain	Steve Bate  Great Britain
	H2	Will Groulx  United States	Luca Mazzone  Italy	Tobias Fankhauser  Switzerland
	H3	Paolo Cecchetto  Italy	Maximilian Weber  Germany	Charles Moreau  Canada
	H4	Vico Merklein  Germany	Rafał Wilk  Poland	Joël Jeannot  France
	H5	Ernst van Dyk  South Africa	Alessandro Zanardi  Italy	Jetze Plat  Netherlands
	C1-3	Steffen Warias  Germany	Kris Bosmans  Belgium	Fabio Anobile  Italy
	C4-5	Daniel Abraham Gebru  Netherlands	Lauro César Chaman  Brazil	Andrea Tarlao  Italy
	T1–2	Hans-Peter Durst  Germany	David Stone  Great Britain	Néstor Ayala Ayala  Colombia

Event	Class	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Time trial details	B	Katie George Dunlevy  Ireland	Yurie Kanuma  Japan	Lora Turnham  Great Britain
	H1–3	Karen Darke  Great Britain	Alicia Dana  United States	Francesca Porcellato  Italy
	H4–5	Dorothee Vieth  Germany	Andrea Eskau  Germany	Laura de Vaan  Netherlands
	C1–3	Alyda Norbruis  Netherlands	Denise Schindler  Germany	Zeng Sini  China
	C4	Shawn Morelli  United States	Megan Fisher  United States	Susan Powell  Australia
	C5	Sarah Storey  Great Britain	Anna Harkowska  Poland	Samantha Bosco  United States
	T1–2	Carol Cooke  Australia	Jill Walsh  United States	Shelley Gautier  Canada
Road race details	B	Iwona Podkościelna  Poland	Katie George Dunlevy  Ireland	Emma Foy  New Zealand
	H1-4	Christiane Reppe  Germany	Lee Do-yeon  South Korea	Francesca Porcellato  Italy
	H5	Andrea Eskau  Germany	Laura de Vaan  Netherlands	Jennette Jansen  Netherlands
	C1-3	Jamie Whitmore  United States	Zeng Sini  China	Denise Schindler  Germany
	C4-5	Sarah Storey  Great Britain	Anna Harkowska  Poland	Crystal Lane  Great Britain
	T1–2	Carol Cooke  Australia	Jill Walsh  United States	Jana Majunke  Germany

Event	Class	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Team Relay details	H2-5 relay	Italy Vittorio Podesta Luca Mazzone Alessandro Zanardi	United States William Lachenauer Will Groulx Oscar Sanchez	Belgium Jean-François Deberg Christophe Hindricq Jonas Van de Steene

Event	Class	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1 km time trial details	B	Tristan Bangma  Netherlands	Neil Fachie  Great Britain	Kai-Christian Kruse  Germany
	C1–3	Li Zhangyu  China	Arnoud Nijhuis  Netherlands	Tristen Chernove  Canada
	C4–5	Jody Cundy  Great Britain	Jozef Metelka  Slovakia	Alfonso Cabello  Spain
Individual pursuit details	B	Steve Bate  Great Britain	Vincent ter Schure  Netherlands	Stephen de Vries  Netherlands
	C1	Li Zhangyu  China	Ross Wilson  Canada	Arnoud Nijhuis  Netherlands
	C2	Liang Guihua  China	Tristen Chernove  Canada	Louis Rolfe  Great Britain
	C3	David Nicholas  Australia	Joseph Berenyi  United States	Eoghan Clifford  Ireland
	C4	Jozef Metelka  Slovakia	Kyle Bridgwood  Australia	Diego Dueñas  Colombia
	C5	Yegor Dementyev  Ukraine	Alistair Donohoe  Australia	Edwin Fabián Mátiz Ruiz  Colombia

Event	Class	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Time trial details	C1–3 (500 m)	Alyda Norbruis  Netherlands	Amanda Reid  Australia	Song Zhenling  China
	C4–5 (500 m)	Kadeena Cox  Great Britain	Zhou Jufang  China	Ruan Jianping  China
	B (1 km)	Sophie Thornhill  Great Britain	Larissa Klaassen  Netherlands	Jessica Gallagher  Australia
Individual pursuit details	B	Lora Turnham  Great Britain	Emma Foy  New Zealand	Sophie Thornhill  Great Britain
	C1–3	Megan Giglia  Great Britain	Jamie Whitmore  United States	Alyda Norbruis  Netherlands
	C4	Shawn Morelli  United States	Susan Powell  Australia	Megan Fisher  United States
	C5	Sarah Storey  Great Britain	Crystal Lane  Great Britain	Samantha Bosco  United States

Event	Class	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Team Sprint details	C1–5	Great Britain Louis Rolfe Jon-Allan Butterworth Jody Cundy	China Xie Hao Wei Guoping Liu Xinyang	Spain Amador Granados Eduardo Santas Alfonso Cabello

• Cycling at the 2016 Summer Olympics

• IPC
• UCI:Union Cycliste Internationale
• Results Book – Road
• Results Book – Track