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Cupressaceae

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Cupressaceae
Temporal range: Early Jurassic–Present (possible Late Triassic records)
Cupressus sempervirens foliage and cones
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Cupressales
Family: Cupressaceae
Bartlett[1]
Subfamilies[2]

Cupressaceae or the cypress family is a family of conifers. The family includes 27–30 genera (17 monotypic), which include the junipers and redwoods, with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely) dioecious trees and shrubs up to 116 m (381 ft) tall. The bark of mature trees is commonly orange- to red-brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips, but smooth, scaly or hard and square-cracked in some species. The family reached its peak of diversity during the mesozoic era.

Description

[edit]
Fallen foliage sprays (cladoptosis) of Metasequoia

The leaves are arranged either spirally, in decussate pairs (opposite pairs, each pair at 90° to the previous pair) or in decussate whorls of three or four, depending on the genus. On young plants, the leaves are needle-like, becoming small and scale-like on mature plants of many genera; some genera and species retain needle-like leaves throughout their lives.[1] Old leaves are mostly not shed individually, but in small sprays of foliage (cladoptosis);[1] exceptions are leaves on the shoots that develop into branches. These leaves eventually fall off individually when the bark starts to flake. Most are evergreen with the leaves persisting 2–10 years, but three genera (Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia and Taxodium) are deciduous or include deciduous species.

Tetraclinis cones

The seed cones are either woody, leathery, or (in Juniperus) berry-like and fleshy, with one to several ovules per scale. The bract scale and ovuliferous scale are fused together except at the apex, where the bract scale is often visible as a short spine (often called an umbo) on the ovuliferous scale. As with the foliage, the cone scales are arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus. The seeds are mostly small and somewhat flattened, with two narrow wings, one down each side of the seed; rarely (e.g. Actinostrobus) triangular in section with three wings; in some genera (e.g. Glyptostrobus and Libocedrus), one of the wings is significantly larger than the other, and in some others (e.g. Juniperus, Microbiota, Platycladus, and Taxodium) the seed is larger and wingless. The seedlings usually have two cotyledons, but in some species up to six. The pollen cones are more uniform in structure across the family, 1–20 mm long, with the scales again arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus; they may be borne singly at the apex of a shoot (most genera), in the leaf axils (Cryptomeria), in dense clusters (Cunninghamia and Juniperus drupacea), or on discrete long pendulous panicle-like shoots (Metasequoia and Taxodium).

Cupressaceae is a widely distributed conifer family, with a near-global range in all continents except for Antarctica, stretching from 70°N in arctic Norway (Juniperus communis)[3] to 55°S in southernmost Chile (Pilgerodendron uviferum), further south than any other conifer species.[4] Juniperus indica reaches 4930 m altitude in Tibet.[5] Most habitats on land are occupied, with the exceptions of polar tundra and tropical lowland rainforest [citation needed] (though several species are important components of temperate rainforests and tropical highland cloud forests); they are also rare in deserts[citation needed], with only a few species able to tolerate severe drought, notably Cupressus dupreziana [who?] in the central Sahara. Despite the wide overall distribution, many genera and species show very restricted relictual distributions, and many are endangered species.

The world's largest (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and current tallest (Sequoia sempervirens) trees belong to the Cupressaceae, as do six of the ten longest-lived tree species.

Classification

[edit]
Cunninghamia Fangshan, Zhejiang, China
Taiwania cryptomerioides Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens, Fort Bragg
Athrotaxis selaginoides, Mt Field National Park, Tasmania
Taxodium distichum in an oxbow lake, central Mississippi

Molecular and morphological studies have expanded Cupressaceae to include the genera of Taxodiaceae, previously treated as a distinct family, but now shown not to differ from the Cupressaceae in any consistent characteristics. The member genera have been placed into five distinct subfamilies of Cupressaceae, Athrotaxidoideae, Cunninghamioideae, Sequoioideae, Taiwanioideae, and Taxodioideae, which form a grade basal to Cupressaceae sensu stricto, containing Callitroideae and Cupressoideae. The former Taxodiaceae genus, Sciadopitys, has been moved to a separate monotypic family Sciadopityaceae due to being genetically distinct from the rest of the Cupressaceae. In some classifications Cupressaceae is raised to an order, Cupressales. Molecular evidence supports Cupressaceae being the sister group to the yews (family Taxaceae), from which it diverged during the early-mid Triassic. The clade comprising both is sister to Sciadopityaceae, which diverged from them during the early-mid Permian.[6] The oldest definitive record of Cupressaceae is Austrohamia minuta from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Patagonia, known from many parts of the plant.[7] The reproductive structures of Austrohamia have strong similarities to those of the primitive living cypress genera Taiwania and Cunninghamia. By the Middle to Late Jurassic Cupressaceae were abundant in warm temperate–tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The diversity of the group continued to increase during the Cretaceous period.[8] The earliest appearance of the non-taxodiaceous Cupressaceae (the clade containing Callitroideae and Cupressoideae) is in the mid-Cretaceous, represented by "Widdringtonia" americana from the Cenomanian of North America, and they subsequently diversified during the Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic.[9]

The family is divided into seven subfamilies, based on genetic and morphological analysis as follows:[10][11]

A 2010 study of Actinostrobus and Callitris places the three species of Actinostrobus within an expanded Callitris based on analysis of 42 morphological and anatomical characters.[16]

Phylogeny based on 2000 study of morphological and molecular data.[17] Several further papers have suggested the segregation Cupressus species into four total genera.[18][19]

Cupressaceae
Cunninghamioideae
Taiwanioideae

Taiwania

Athrotaxidoideae

Athrotaxis

A 2021 molecular study supported a very similar phylogeny but with some slight differences, along with the splitting of Cupressus (found to be paraphyletic):[6]

Cupressaceae

Uses

[edit]
Juniperus bermudiana was the key to Bermuda's shipbuilding industry, and used in building houses, and in furniture. It also comprised the habitat for other endemic and native species, and provided Bermudians with shelter from wind and sun.

Many of the species are important timber sources, especially in the genera Calocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, Cupressus, Sequoia, Taxodium, and Thuja. Calocedrus decurrens is the main wood used to make wooden pencils, and is also used in chests, paneling, and flooring.[20] In China, cypress wood known as baimu or bomu,[21] was carved into furniture, using notably Cupressus funebris,[21] and particularly in tropical areas, Fujian cypress[22] and the aromatic wood of Glyptostrobus pensilis.[23] Juniperus virginiana has used by Native Americans for waymarking. Its heartwood is fragrant and used in clothes chests, drawers and closets to repel moths. It is a source of juniper oil used in perfumes and medicines. The wood is also used as long lasting fenceposts and for bows.

Several genera are important in horticulture. Junipers are planted as evergreen trees, shrubs, and groundcovers. Hundreds of cultivars have been developed,[24] including plants with blue, grey, or yellow foliage.[25] Chamaecyparis and Thuja also provide hundreds of dwarf cultivars as well as trees, including Lawson's cypress. Dawn redwood is widely planted as an ornamental tree because of its excellent horticultural qualities, rapid growth and status as a living fossil.[26] Giant sequoia is a popular ornamental tree[27] and is occasionally grown for timber.[28] Giant sequoia,[29] Leyland cypress, and Arizona cypress are grown to a small extent as Christmas trees.[30]

Some species have significant cultural importance. The ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum) is the national tree of Mexico.[31][32] Coast redwood and giant sequoia were jointly designated the state tree of California,[33] and are major tourist attractions where they grow naturally.[34] Parks such as Redwood National and State Parks and Giant Sequoia National Monument protect almost half the remaining stands of Coast Redwoods and Giant sequoias. Bald cypress is the state tree of Louisiana. Bald cypress, often festooned with Spanish moss, of southern swamps are another tourist attraction. They can be seen at Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida. Bald cypress "knees" are often sold as souvenirs, made into lamps, or carved to make folk art.[35] Monterey cypresses are often visited by tourists and photographers, particularly a tree known as the Lone Cypress.[36]

The fleshy cones of Juniperus communis are used to flavour gin.

Native Americans and early European explorers used Thuja leaves as a cure for scurvy. Distillation of Fokienia roots produces an essential oil called pemou oil[37] used in medicine and cosmetics.[38]

Recent progress on Endophyte Biology in Cupressaceae, by the groups of Jalal Soltani (Bu-Ali Sina University) and Elizabeth Arnold (Arizona University) have revealed prevalent symbioses of endophytes and endofungal bacteria with family Cupressaceae. Furthermore, current and potential uses of Cupressaceous tree's endophytes in agroforestry and medicine is shown by both groups.

Chemistry

[edit]

The Cupressaceae trees contain a wide range of extractives, especially terpenes and terpenoids,[39] both of which have strong and often pleasant odors.

The heartwood, bark and leaves are the tree parts richest in terpenes.[40] Some of these compounds are widely distributed in other trees as well, and some are typical for Cupressaceae family. The most known terpenoids found in conifers are sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes and tropolones. Diterpenes are commonly found in different types of conifers and are not typical for this family. Some sesquiterpenoids (e.g. bisabolanes, cubenanes, guaianes, ylanganes, himachalanes, longifolanes, longibornanes, longipinanes, cedranes, thujopsanes) also present in Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae and Taxodiaceae.[39] Meanwhile, chamigranes, cuparanes, widdranes and acoranes are more distinctive for Cupressaceae. Tropolone derivatives, such as nootkatin, chanootin, thujaplicinol and hinokitiol are particularly characteristic for Cupressaceae.

Disease vectors

[edit]

Several genera are an alternate host of Gymnosporangium rust, which damages apples and other related trees in the subfamily Maloideae.[41]

Allergenicity

[edit]

The pollen of many genera of Cupressaceae is allergenic, causing major hay fever problems in areas where they are abundant,[42] most notably by Cryptomeria japonica (sugi) pollen in Japan.[43] Highly allergenic species of cypress with an OPALS allergy scale rating of 8 out of 10 or higher include: Taxodium, Cupressus, Callitris, Chamaecyparis, and the males and monoicous variants of Austrocedrus and Widdringtonia.[44] However, the females of some species have a very low potential for causing allergies (an OPALS allergy scale rating of 2 or lower) including Austrocedrus females and Widdringtonia females.[44]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Watson, Frank D.; Eckenwalder, James E. (1993). "Cupressaceae". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 6 September 2013 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  2. ^ Bosma, Hylke F.; Kunzmann, Lutz; Kvaček, Jiří; van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, Johanna H.A. (August 2012). "Revision of the genus Cunninghamites (fossil conifers), with special reference to nomenclature, taxonomy and geological age". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 182: 20–100200294924. Bibcode:2012RPaPa.182...20B. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.06.004.
  3. ^ Tumajer, Jan; Buras, Allan; Camarero, J. Julio; Carrer, Marco; Shetti, Rohan; Wilmking, Martin; Altman, Jan; Sangüesa-Barreda, Gabriel; Lehejček, Jiří (18 August 2021). "Growing faster, longer, or both? Modelling plastic response of Juniperus communis growth to climate change". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 30 (11). Wiley. doi:10.1111/geb.13377. hdl:11577/3400205.
  4. ^ Holz, Andrés; Hart, Sarah J.; Williamson, Grant J.; Veblen, Thomas T.; Aravena, Juan C. (25 March 2018). "Radial growth response to climate change along the latitudinal range of the world's southernmost conifer in southern South America". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (5). Wiley: 1140–1152. Bibcode:2018JBiog..45.1140H. doi:10.1111/jbi.13199. S2CID 90020476.
  5. ^ Miehe, Georg; Miehe, Sabine; Vogal, Jonas; Co, Sonam; Duo, La (1 May 2007). "Highest Treeline in the Northern Hemisphere Found in Southern Tibet". Mountain Research and Development. 27 (2). International Mountain Society: 169-173. doi:10.1659/mrd.0792. hdl:1956/2482.
  6. ^ a b Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu (19 July 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7.1015S. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 34282286. S2CID 236141481. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  7. ^ Escapa, Ignacio; Cúneo, Rubén; Axsmith, Brian (September 2008). "A new genus of the Cupressaceae (sensu lato) from the Jurassic of Patagonia: Implications for conifer megasporangiate cone homologies". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 151 (3–4): 110–122. Bibcode:2008RPaPa.151..110E. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2008.03.002. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  8. ^ Contreras, Dori L.; Escapa, Ignacio H.; Iribarren, Rocio C.; Cúneo, N. Rubén (October 2019). "Reconstructing the Early Evolution of the Cupressaceae: A Whole-Plant Description of a New Austrohamia Species from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Early Jurassic), Argentina". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (8): 834–868. doi:10.1086/704831. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 202862782. Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  9. ^ Leslie, Andrew B.; Beaulieu, Jeremy; Holman, Garth; Campbell, Christopher S.; Mei, Wenbin; Raubeson, Linda R.; Mathews, Sarah (September 2018). "An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record". American Journal of Botany. 105 (9): 1531–1544. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1143. PMID 30157290. S2CID 52120430.
  10. ^ Mao, K.; Milne, R. I.; Zhang, L.; Peng, Y.; Liu, J.; Thomas, P.; Mill, R. R.; S. Renner, S. (2012). "Distribution of living Cupressaceae reflects the breakup of Pangea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (20): 7793–7798. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.7793M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1114319109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3356613. PMID 22550176.
  11. ^ Qu, X. J.; Jin, J. J.; Chaw, S. M.; Li, D. Z.; Yi, T. S. (2017). "Multiple measures could alleviate long-branch attraction in phylogenomic reconstruction of Cupressoideae (Cupressaceae)". Scientific Reports. 7: 41005. Bibcode:2017NatSR...741005Q. doi:10.1038/srep41005. PMC 5264392. PMID 28120880.
  12. ^ a b c d e Armin Jagel, Veit Dörken: Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae - part I. Cunninghamioideae, Athrotaxoideae, Taiwanioideae, Sequoioideae, Taxodioideae. In: Bulletin of the Cupressus Conservation Project, 3(3): 117-136 (PDF Archived 27 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
  13. ^ Atkinson, Brian A.; Contreras, Dori L.; Stockey, Ruth A.; Rothwell, Gar W. (August 2021). "Ancient diversity and turnover of cunninghamioid conifers (Cupressaceae): two new genera from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan". Botany. 99 (8): 457–473. doi:10.1139/cjb-2021-0005. ISSN 1916-2790. S2CID 237705866.
  14. ^ Armin Jagel, Veit Dörken: Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae - part III. Callitroideae. In: Bulletin of the Cupressus Conservation Project 4(3): 91-103 (PDF Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine)
  15. ^ Armin Jagel, Veit Dörken: Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae - part II. Cupressoideae. In: Bulletin of the Cupressus Conservation Project 4(2): 51-78 (PDF Archived 11 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine)
  16. ^ Piggin, J.; Bruhl, J. J. (2010). "Phylogeny reconstruction of Callitris Vent. (Cupressaceae) and its allies leads to inclusion of Actinostrobus within Callitris". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (2): 69–93. doi:10.1071/sb09044.
  17. ^ Gadek, P. A.; Alpers, D. L.; Heslewood, M. M.; Quinn, C. J. (2000). "Relationships within Cupressaceae sensu lato: a combined morphological and molecular approach". American Journal of Botany. 87 (7): 1044–1057. doi:10.2307/2657004. JSTOR 2657004. PMID 10898782.
  18. ^ Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4..
  19. ^ Xiang, Q.; Li, J. (2005). "Derivation of Xanthocyparis and Juniperus from within Cupressus: Evidence from Sequences of nrDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Region". Harvard Papers in Botany. 9 (2): 375–382.
  20. ^ McDonald, Philip M. (October 1973). Incense-Cedar: an American wood. Vol. 226. US Forest Service. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.84490. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  21. ^ a b "Chinese Furniture Materials: Cypress (Baimu, Bomu) 柏木". Curtis Evarts. Archived from the original on 18 November 2000. citing Evarts, Curtis (1999). C. L. Ma Collection: Traditional Chinese Furniture from the Greater Shanxi Region. Hong Kong: C.L. Ma Furniture. ISBN 978-962-7956-19-8.
  22. ^ Thomas, P. & Yang, Y. (2013). "Fokienia hodginsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T32351A2815809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32351A2815809.en.
  23. ^ Fu, Liguo; Yu, Yong-fu; Adams, Robert P.; Farjon, Aljos. "Glyptostrobus". Flora of China. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  24. ^ "Junipers". Chicago Botanic Garden. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  25. ^ Westerfield, Bob (6 October 2022) [15 May 2009]. "Junipers". University of Georgia Extension. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  26. ^ Satoh, Keiko (14 November 1998). "Metasequoia Travels the Globe". Arnoldia. Vol. 58, no. 4. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. pp. 72–75. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  27. ^ Cahill, Angela. "Nature's Masterpiece: Giant Sequoia". Pacific Horticulture. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  28. ^ Cox, Lauren E.; York, Robert A.; Battles, John J. (15 May 2021). "Growth and form of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in a plantation spacing trial after 28 years". Forest Ecology and Management. 488. Elsevier: 119033. Bibcode:2021ForEM.48819033C. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119033. S2CID 233554030.
  29. ^ Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (December 1990). Silvics of North America: Volume 1, Conifers (PDF). United States Forest Service. p. 560. ISBN 978-0-16-027145-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  30. ^ Owen, Jeff (November 2011). "Selecting the Right Tree". North Carolina State Extension. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  31. ^ "El ahuehuete, Árbol Nacional" [The ahuehuete, National Tree] (in Spanish). National Forestry Commission. 25 September 2018. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  32. ^ Debreczy, Zsolt; Racz, Istvan (1997). "El Arbor del Tule: The Ancient Giant of Oaxaca" (PDF). Arnoldia. 57 (4). Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University: 3–11. doi:10.5962/p.251192. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  33. ^ "State Tree – California Redwood". California State Capitol Museum. 20 October 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  34. ^ Thomas, Catherine Cullinane; Flyr, Matthew; Koontz, Lynne (June 2022). 2021 National Parks Visitor Spending Effects: Economic Contributions to Local Communities, States, and the Nation (PDF) (Report). Fort Collins, Colorado: U.S. National Park Service. pp. 36–37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  35. ^ Williams, Jack A.; Boyd, Carole Jean (1 September 2005). Carving Cypress Knees: Creating Whimsical Characters from One of Nature's Most Unique Woods. Fox Chapel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5652-3271-6.
  36. ^ Reynolds, Christopher (19 May 2013). "Standing Before the Lone Cypress". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  37. ^ Weyerstahl, Peter; Marschall, Helga; Phan, Tong Son; Phan, Mhin Giang (1999). "Constituents of Vietnamese pemou oil—a reinvestigation". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 14 (6): 409–410. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199911/12)14:6<409::AID-FFJ843>3.0.CO;2-B.
  38. ^ Lesueur, Dominique; et al. (2006). "Analysis of the root oil of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas (Cupressaceae) by GC, GC–MS and 13C-NMR". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 21 (1): 171–174. doi:10.1002/ffj.1557.
  39. ^ a b Otto, Angelika; Wilde, Volker (April 2001). "Sesqui-, di-, and triterpenoids as chemosystematic markers in extant conifers—A review". The Botanical Review. 67 (2): 141–238. Bibcode:2001BotRv..67..141O. doi:10.1007/BF02858076. S2CID 20371074.
  40. ^ Zhao, Jian Zhao and Jian (30 September 2007). "Plant Troponoids: Chemistry, Biological Activity, and Biosynthesis". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (24): 2597–2621. doi:10.2174/092986707782023253. PMID 17979713.
  41. ^ Kern, Frank D. (1973). "A host survey of Gymnosporangium". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata. 51 (1): 99–101. doi:10.1007/BF02141290. S2CID 7875028.
  42. ^ Charpin, Denis; et al. (2013). "Cypress pollen allergy". Revue des Maladies Respiratoires. 30 (10): 868–878. doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2013.09.014. PMID 24314710. S2CID 196440359.
  43. ^ Krihara (Kurihashi), M. (1997). "Physiochemical and immunological characterization of major allergens of Japanese cedar pollen and false cypress pollen". Allergology (in Japanese). 3: 203–211.
  44. ^ a b Ogren, Thomas Leo (2015). The Allergy-Fighting Garden: Stop Asthma and Allergies with Smart Landscaping. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-60774-491-7.

Further reading

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  • Soltani, J. (2017) Endophytism in Cupressoideae (Coniferae): A Model in Endophyte Biology and Biotechnology. In: Maheshwari D. (eds) Endophytes: Biology and Biotechnology. pp. 127–143. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, vol 15. Springer, Cham.
  • Pakvaz, S, Soltani J. (2016) Endohyphal bacteria from fungal endophytes of the Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) exhibit in vitro bioactivity. Forest Pathology, 46: 569–581.
  • Soltani, J., Zaheri Shoja, M., Hamzei, J., Hosseyni-Moghaddam, M.S., Pakvaz, S. (2016) Diversity and bioactivity of endophytic bacterial community of Cupressaceae. Forest Pathology, 46: 353–361.
  • Farjon, A. (1998). World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 300 p. ISBN 1-900347-54-7.
  • Farjon, A.; Hiep, N. T.; Harder, D. K.; Loc, P. K.; Averyanov, L. (2002). "A new genus and species in the Cupressaceae (Coniferales) from northern Vietnam, Xanthocyparis vietnamensis". Novon. 12 (2): 179–189. doi:10.2307/3392953. JSTOR 3392953.
  • Little, D. P., Schwarzbach, A. E., Adams, R. P. & Hsieh, Chang-Fu. (2004). The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis and the newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupressaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (11): 1872–1881. Available online Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
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