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2025 Canadian federal election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2025 Canadian federal election
← 2021 On or before October 20, 2025 (2025-10-20)1 46th →
343 seats in the House of Commons
172 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
 
Justin Trudeau in May 2023.jpg
Pierre Poilievre in 2023 (edited).jpg
Yves-François Blanchet Entrevue no smile 2023 (cropped-2).png
Leader Justin Trudeau Pierre Poilievre Yves-François Blanchet
Party Liberal Conservative Bloc Québécois
Leader since April 14, 2013 September 10, 2022 January 17, 2019
Leader's seat Papineau Carleton Beloeil—Chambly
Last election 160[b] seats, 32.62% 119 seats, 33.74% 32 seats, 7.64%
Current seats 153 120 33
Seats needed Increase 19 Increase 52 N/A[a]
 
Jagmeet Singh in Brantford 2022 2 (cropped3).jpg
Elizabeth May 4431 (37439753570) (cropped).jpg
Maxime Bernier portrait 2023.png
Leader Jagmeet Singh Elizabeth May Maxime Bernier
Party New Democratic Green People's
Leader since October 1, 2017 November 19, 2022 September 14, 2018
Leader's seat Burnaby South Saanich—Gulf Islands N/A[c]
Last election 25 seats, 17.82% 2 seats, 2.33% 0 seats, 4.94%
Current seats 25 2 0
Seats needed Increase 147 Increase 170 Increase 172
Incumbent Prime Minister

Justin Trudeau
Liberal



The 2025 Canadian federal election will take place on or before October 20, 2025, to elect members of the House of Commons to the 45th Canadian Parliament. The date of the vote is determined by the fixed-date provisions of the Canada Elections Act, which requires federal elections to be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the polling day of the previous election, though a current government bill proposes to postpone the date to October 27, 2025, to avoid conflicting with Diwali.[1] In addition to the statutory fixed election date provisions, Canada has a constitutional requirement specified in both section 50 of the Constitution Act, 1867 and section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms that elections for the House of Commons must be called no more than five years after the writs for the preceding election are returned.

The election may occur before the scheduled date if the governor general dissolves Parliament on the recommendation of the prime minister for a snap election, or if the House of Commons passes a motion of no confidence in the government. Early elections are more likely to occur during minority governments because the prime minister does not control a majority in the House of Commons.[2][3][4]

This will be the first election to use a new 343-seat electoral map based on the 2021 Canadian census. New electoral boundaries for each of the ten provinces were finalized between February 14 and July 8, 2023,[5][6][7] and officially proclaimed on September 22, 2023.[8] The previous 338-seat electoral map would have been used if the election had been called before April 23, 2024.[9][8][10]

Background

[edit]

The 2021 Canadian federal election, held on September 20, 2021, saw insignificant changes from the preceding 2019 election.[11] The incumbent Liberal Party, led by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, failed to win enough seats to gain a parliamentary majority or the popular vote, only remaining as the party with the most seats and retained its status as a minority government. The Conservatives won the popular vote and continued as the Official Opposition.[12][d] On September 27, Annamie Paul resigned as the Green Party leader, citing lack of party support.[13] Her resignation came into effect on November 10.[14]

Date of the election

[edit]

The election is scheduled to take place on October 20, 2025, following under the fixed-date provisions of the Canada Elections Act, which requires federal elections to be held on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the polling day of the previous election.[15]

Proposed movement of fixed election date

[edit]
See also: Electoral Participation Act § Movement of fixed election date

On March 20, 2024, the government introduced the Electoral Participation Act, which included an amendment to the Canada Elections Act that would change the fixed election date to October 27, 2025, to avoid conflicting with the Hindu festival of Diwali, as well as municipal elections in Alberta.[16][1] Moving the election date would also result in 80 members of Parliament first elected on October 21, 2019 meeting the requirement of 6 years of service to receive a parliamentary retirement pension.[17] The official opposition Conservatives argued that the pension eligibility was the real motivation for the change, an accusation which the government denied.[18] Of the 80 MPs who would become eligible for a pension if the election date is moved later: 32 are Conservatives, 22 are Liberals, 19 are Bloc Québécois, 6 are New Democrats, and 1 is independent.[19] The date change is unlikely to proceed with all opposition parties against the change; NDP MP Lisa Barron confirmed she will propose a committee amendment to leave the fixed election date as October 20, 2025 and minister of democratic institutions Dominic LeBlanc stated he will "happily respect the will of this committee" if it amends the bill.[18]

Political parties and standings

[edit]

The table below lists parties represented in the House of Commons after the 2021 federal election and their current standings. Kevin Vuong, despite being elected as a Liberal, was disavowed by the party too late to alter his affiliation on the ballot, now currently sits as an independent.[20]

Name Ideology Position Leader 2021 result Current standing
Votes (%) Seats
Liberal Liberalism
Social liberalism 		Centre to centre-left Justin Trudeau
32.62%
160 / 338
153 / 338
Conservative Conservatism
Economic liberalism 		Centre-right to right-wing Pierre Poilievre
33.74%
119 / 338
120 / 338
Bloc Québécois Quebec nationalism
Quebec sovereigntism
Social democracy 		Centre-left Yves-François Blanchet
7.64%
32 / 338
33 / 338
New Democratic Social democracy
Democratic socialism 		Centre-left to left-wing Jagmeet Singh
17.82%
25 / 338
25 / 338
Green Green politics Elizabeth May
2.33%
2 / 338
2 / 338
Independents N/A
0.19%
0 / 338
4 / 338
Vacant N/A
1 / 338

Electoral system

[edit]

Canada's electoral system, sometimes referred to as a "first-past-the-post" system, is formally referred to as a single-member plurality system. The candidate with the most votes in a riding wins a seat in the House of Commons and represents that riding as its member of Parliament (MP). The governor general asks the leader of the party who is most likely to gain the confidence of a majority vote in the House of Commons to form a government; that leader becomes prime minister. The largest party by seat count that is not the government or part of a governing coalition becomes the Official Opposition. That party receives more finances and prestige than the other opposition parties.

An absolute majority of the votes cast in the last election is not needed to have power, and is rarely achieved. As well, the party in power does not need to have a majority of seats in the House of Commons – and under the current multi-party system, quite often does not have that. However to pass bills, the governing party must have support of a majority of MPs. Without majority support, the government falls and a new party is named government or an election has to be held. Four parties have achieved power at the federal level in Canada's history – the original Conservatives, the Liberals, the Progressive Conservatives and the modern Conservatives.

Redistribution

[edit]
Main article: 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution

The Constitution Act, 1867, requires that federal electoral districts undergo a redistribution following each decennial Canadian census.[21] Using the 2021 Canadian census population results, the 2022 redistribution began in October 2021, and was completed in September 2023.[22]

On October 15, 2021, the chief electoral officer announced that based on the formula in the Constitution Act, 1867 as then in force, the allocation would result in an increase to 342 seats.[23] This included a reduction of Quebec’s allocation from 78 to 77 seats. The government tabled legislation on March 24, 2022, to prevent Quebec (or any other province) from losing any seats relative to the number of seats it was apportioned in 2012 redistribution.[24][25] The Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act amended rule 2 of subsection 51(1) of the Constitution Act, 1867, commonly known as the "Grandfather Clause".[26][27] The bill passed the House of Commons on June 15,[28] the Senate on June 21,[29] and received royal assent on June 23, 2022.[30] The chief electoral officer announced the new allocation of seats on July 8, 2022, which would result in an increase to 343 seats.[31]

Pursuant to the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act as amended, ten federal electoral boundary commissions were established, one for each province, on November 1, 2021.[32] The boundary-drawing process commenced upon the release of census data in February 2022. Quebec’s commission adjusted its work to be based on a 78-seat allocation in July 2022. The respective commissions completed their work and finalized new electoral boundary sets on a rolling basis, beginning with the Newfoundland and Labrador and Prince Edward Island commissions on February 14, 2023,[5][6] and finishing with the Ontario commission on July 8, 2023.[7] The chief electoral officer then used the final reports of the electoral boundary commissions to formalize a representation order, which was proclaimed on September 22, 2023.[8]

The changes to federal electoral district boundaries took effect on April 23, 2024.[9][23][8] If the election had been called before then, it would have occurred under the previous electoral district boundaries, which had been in effect since the 2015 federal election.[33][34]

Allocation of seats in the House of Commons under the Preserving Provincial Representation in the House of Commons Act
Province or territory Representation orders Average population
per electoral district 		Change
2013 2023
Ontario 121 122 116,590 1 Increase
Quebec 78 78 108,998 Steady
British Columbia 42 43 116,300 1 Increase
Alberta 34 37 115,206 3 Increase
Manitoba 14 14 95,868 Steady
Saskatchewan 14 14 80,893 Steady
Nova Scotia 11 11 88,126 Steady
New Brunswick 10 10 77,561 Steady
Newfoundland and Labrador 7 7 72,935 Steady
Prince Edward Island 4 4 38,583 Steady
Northwest Territories 1 1 41,070 Steady
Nunavut 1 1 36,858 Steady
Yukon 1 1 40,232 Steady
Canada 338 343 107,848 5 Increase

Transposed 2021 results

[edit]
The transposed results of the 2021 election, if they had taken place under the 2023 Representation Order.

This will be the first election contested under the new electoral districts established in the 2022 redistribution. Consequently, media outlets tend to report seat gains and losses as compared to notional results. These are the results if all votes cast in 2021 were unchanged, but regrouped by new electoral district boundaries, as published by Elections Canada.[35]

2021 results transposed onto 2023 boundaries
Party MPs
2021 actual result 2021 notional result Change
Liberal 160 157 Decrease 3
Conservative 119 126 Increase 7
Bloc Québécois 32 34 Increase 2
New Democratic 25 24 Decrease 1
Green 2 2 Steady
Total seats 338 343 5 Increase


Incumbents not running for re-election

[edit]

As of December 2024, 42 MPs have announced they will not run in the 2025 federal election. Nathaniel Erskine-Smith originally announced he would not run again but later rescinded that decision.[36]

Number of MPs standing down by party affiliation
Party MPs standing down
2021 election[e] Current
Liberal 25 24
Conservative 7 6
New Democratic 5 5
Bloc Québécois 4 4
Independent 0 2
Total 41
Member of Parliament Electoral district Province or territory Date announced
  Ron Liepert[37] Calgary Signal Hill Alberta February 17, 2023
  Wayne Long[38] Saint John—Rothesay New Brunswick March 14, 2023
  Randall Garrison[39] Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke British Columbia April 27, 2023
  Ken Hardie[40] Fleetwood—Port Kells British Columbia May 26, 2023
  Lloyd Longfield[41] Guelph Ontario June 28, 2023
  Helena Jaczek[42] Markham—Stouffville Ontario July 25, 2023
  Joyce Murray[43] Vancouver Quadra British Columbia July 25, 2023
  Omar Alghabra[44] Mississauga Centre Ontario July 25, 2023
  Alain Rayes[45] Richmond—Arthabaska Quebec September 11, 2023
  Richard Cannings[46] South Okanagan—West Kootenay British Columbia September 12, 2023
  Anthony Rota[47] Nipissing—Timiskaming Ontario September 18, 2023
  Emmanuel Dubourg[48] Bourassa Quebec November 1, 2023
  Tony Van Bynen[49] Newmarket—Aurora Ontario March 11, 2024
  Ed Fast[50] Abbotsford British Columbia March 14, 2024
  Charlie Angus[51] Timmins—James Bay Ontario April 4, 2024
  Carol Hughes[52] Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing Ontario April 4, 2024
  Rachel Blaney[52] North Island—Powell River British Columbia April 4, 2024
  Gary Vidal[53] Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River Saskatchewan April 23, 2024
  Colin Carrie[54][55] Oshawa Ontario April 24, 2024
  Pam Damoff[56] Oakville North—Burlington Ontario May 1, 2024
  John McKay[57] Scarborough—Guildwood Ontario June 20, 2024
  Ken McDonald[58] Avalon Newfoundland and Labrador July 2, 2024
  Robert Kitchen[59] Souris—Moose Mountain Saskatchewan July 8, 2024
  Michael McLeod[60] Northwest Territories Northwest Territories July 10, 2024
  Seamus O'Regan[61] St. John's South—Mount Pearl Newfoundland and Labrador July 18, 2024
  Francis Drouin[62] Glengarry—Prescott—Russell Ontario July 25, 2024
  Karen Vecchio[63] Elgin—Middlesex—London Ontario July 30, 2024
  René Arseneault[64] Madawaska—Restigouche New Brunswick August 17, 2024
  Jean-Denis Garon[65] Mirabel Quebec August 30, 2024
  Yves Robillard[66] Marc-Aurèle-Fortin Quebec September 16, 2024
  Pablo Rodriguez[67] Honoré-Mercier Quebec September 19, 2024
  Monique Pauzé[68] Repentigny Quebec October 8, 2024
  Dan Vandal[69] Saint Boniface—Saint Vital Manitoba October 17, 2024
  Carla Qualtrough[70] Delta British Columbia October 17, 2024
  Filomena Tassi[71] Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas Ontario October 18, 2024
  Marie-Claude Bibeau[72] Compton—Stanstead Quebec October 21, 2024
  Louise Chabot[73] Thérèse-De Blainville Quebec October 21, 2024
  Stéphane Bergeron[74] Montarville Quebec October 24, 2024
  Brenda Shanahan[75] Châteauguay—Lacolle Quebec November 22, 2024
  Sean Fraser[76] Central Nova Nova Scotia December 16, 2024
  Churence Rogers[77] Bonavista-Burin-Trinity Newfoundland and Labrador December 20, 2024

Incumbents who lost nomination races

[edit]
Member of Parliament Electoral district Province or territory Date announced
  Gerald Soroka[78] Yellowhead Alberta June 22, 2024

Timeline

[edit]
See also: 44th Canadian Parliament and By-elections to the 44th Canadian Parliament

2021

[edit]
  • September 27 – Annamie Paul announced her intent to resign as leader of the Green Party.[79]
  • November 10 – Paul formally submitted her resignation, and ended her membership in the party.[14] The Green Party accepted her resignation a few days later.[80][81]
  • November 15 – Senator Denise Batters launched a petition to review the leadership of Erin O'Toole.[82] Party president Robert Batherson decided the petition was not in order.[82] The following day, Batters was removed from the conservative caucus.[83]
  • November 24 – Amita Kuttner was appointed as Green Party interim leader.[84][85]
  • December 5 – The People's Party concluded its leadership review of Maxime Bernier. He was confirmed and continued as leader.[86][87]

2022

[edit]

2023

[edit]

2024

[edit]
  • September 4 – The NDP officially ended their confidence-and-supply agreement with the Liberals.[98]
  • December 9 – Trudeau's Liberal Government survives a third motion of no confidence, with the Conservatives and Bloc Québécois voting for the motion, and the Liberals, NDP, and Greens opposed.[99]
  • December 16 – Chrystia Freeland, the incumbent Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, resigned from her position in Justin Trudeau's government prior to the release that day of the government's fall economic statement due to her opposition to Trudeau's fiscal policy;[100] later the same day she was replaced as Minister of Finance by Dominic LeBlanc, while the position of Deputy Prime Minister remained vacant.[21][101] Housing Minister Sean Fraser also resigned from cabinet the same morning, citing personal reasons.[102] The weeks leading up to Freeland's resignation saw another member of Trudeau's cabinet resign. On November 20, 2024, Alberta MP Randy Boissonnault resigned from the Cabinet following allegations that he ran a business seeking federal contracts and falsely claimed to be Indigenous.[103]
  • December 20 – Trudeau conducts a major cabinet reshuffle. The NDP officially commits to introducing a non-confidence motion against the government. Over 20 Liberal MP's publically call for Trudeau to resign and over 50 sign a private letter asking him to resign.[104]

Opinion polls

[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2025 Canadian federal election
Opinion polling for
Canadian federal elections
2008
Opinion polls
2011
Opinion polls • By constituency
2015
Opinion polls • By constituency
2019
Opinion polls • By constituency
2021
Opinion polls • By constituency
Next election
Opinion polls
Evolution of voting intentions according to polls conducted during the pre-campaign period of the 45th Canadian federal election, graphed from the data in the table below. Trendlines are 30-poll local regressions, with polls weighted by proximity in time and a logarithmic function of sample size. 95% confidence ribbons represent uncertainty about the trendlines, not the likelihood that actual election results would fall within the intervals.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Though parties registered with Elections Canada can field candidates in any riding they wish, the Bloc Québécois has never fielded candidates outside of Quebec (78 seats). Thus it is impossible for the party to gain a majority in Parliament.
  2. ^ Includes Kevin Vuong, who appeared on the ballot as a Liberal but was disavowed by the party during the campaign. He has not been seated as a member of the Liberal caucus.
  3. ^ MP for Beauce until being defeated in the 2019 election. Contested the by-election in Portage–Lisgar, lost.
  4. ^ While formal results show the Liberals winning or leading in 160 seats, those totals include Kevin Vuong, who was disavowed during the campaign by his party, and has since sat as an Independent in the House of Commons.
  5. ^ Party affiliation of retiring MPs at the time of the 2021 federal election.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Minister LeBlanc introduces legislation to further strengthen Canada's electoral process". CNW. March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  2. ^ Aiello, Rachel (October 24, 2019). "Split opposition means stronger minority for Liberals, experts say". CTV News. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  3. ^ Harris, Kathleen (October 21, 2020). "Snap election averted as Liberal government survives confidence vote in Commons". CBC News. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  4. ^ Coyne, Andrew (October 28, 2020). "What, exactly, is a non-confidence vote? Parliament should get to decide". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  5. ^ a b Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for Newfoundland and Labrador. "Redistribution process timeline in Newfoundland and Labrador".
  6. ^ a b Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for Prince Edward Island. "Redistribution process timeline in PEI".
  7. ^ a b Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission for Ontario. "Redistribution process timeline in Ontario".
  8. ^ a b c d Elections Canada. "Implementation of New Federal Electoral Boundaries".
  9. ^ a b Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission. "Timeline for the Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts".
  10. ^ Proclamation declaring the Representation Order to be in Force effective on the First dissolution of Parliament that Occurs after April 22, 2024, SI/2023-57 , reported in the Canada Gazette, Part II, Vol. 157, Extra, September 27, 2023
  11. ^ "Justin Trudeau to Remain Prime Minister of Canada". The New York Times. September 21, 2021. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2021. Updated September 24, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  12. ^ "Canada: Trudeau's Liberals win minority government, CBC projects". Al Jazeera. September 21, 2021. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  13. ^ Tasker, John Paul (September 27, 2021). "Annamie Paul is stepping down as Green Party leader". CBC News. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  14. ^ a b "Annamie Paul officially quits as Green leader, will end membership in party". CBC News. November 10, 2021.
  15. ^ "An Act to amend the Canada Elections Act". LegisINFO. May 3, 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
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  17. ^ Tumilty, Ryan (March 21, 2024). "New Liberal legislation would ensure dozens of MPs secure pensions before next election". National Post.
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  19. ^ Aiello, Rachel (May 30, 2024). "NDP wants Liberals to scrap proposed election date change that could secure pensions for many MPs". CTV News. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
  20. ^ "Expelled by Liberals, Kevin Vuong wins Toronto riding and says he will keep the seat". National Post. September 23, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
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  30. ^ "JOURNALS Thursday, June 23, 2022". ourcommons.ca. House of Commons of Canada. June 23, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022. A message was received informing the Commons that on June 23, at 10:28 p.m., Her Excellency the Governor General signified royal assent by written declaration to the following bills: Bill C-14, An Act to amend the Constitution Act, 1867 (electoral representation) — Chapter No. 6;
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  32. ^ Federal Electoral Boundaries Commission (January 20, 2022). "Federal Electoral Boundaries Commissions Launch Redistribution Website and Social Media Accounts".
  33. ^ Proclamation declaring the Representation Order to be in Force effective on the First dissolution of Parliament that Occurs after May 1, 2014, SI/2013-102 , reported in the Canada Gazette, Part II, Vol. 147, Extra, October 5, 2013
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  36. ^ "Erskine-Smith will seek re-election after becoming new housing minister". CBC News. December 20, 2024. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
  37. ^ CBC News (February 17, 2023). "Calgary MP Ron Liepert says he won't seek re-election". cbc.ca. Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  38. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Wayne Long won't reoffer in next federal election". TJ.news.[failed verification]
  39. ^ "B.C. New Democrat MP Randall Garrison says he will not be seeking re-election". battlefordsNOW. The Canadian Press. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
  40. ^ Zytaruk, Tom (May 26, 2023). "Fleetwood-Port Kells Liberal MP Ken Hardie says this term will be his last". Surrey Now-Leader. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  41. ^ Cassidy, Lianne (June 28, 2023). "News release". mplongfield.ca. Archived from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  42. ^ Dr. Helena Jaczek [@HelenaJaczek] (July 25, 2023). "After 50 years of public service [...] I have decided that I will not seek re-election after my current term" (Tweet). Retrieved July 25, 2023 – via Twitter.
  43. ^ Joyce Murray [@JoyceMurray] (July 25, 2023). "After much thought and reflection, I have decided not to run again in the next election after my current term" (Tweet). Retrieved July 25, 2023 – via Twitter.
  44. ^ Omar Alghabra [@OmarAlghabra] (July 25, 2023). "I have news to share: after a lot of reflection, I decided to not run in the next election" (Tweet). Retrieved July 25, 2023 – via Twitter.
  45. ^ Robertson, Dylan (September 13, 2022). "Ex-Conservative Quebec MP, 'political orphan' Alain Rayes won't seek re-election". CBC News. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  46. ^ FRIES, JOE (September 12, 2023). "MP Cannings won't run again". Penticton Herald.
  47. ^ "Rota not running for re-election". BayToday.ca. October 23, 2023.
  48. ^ "Liberal MP Emmanuel Dubourg won't run for re-election | Montreal Gazette". Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  49. ^ Quigley, Joseph (March 11, 2024). "'Person of great integrity:' Newmarket-Aurora MP won't run for re-election". NewmarketToday.ca. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
  50. ^ "Harper-era cabinet minister ed Fast will not seek re-election | Globalnews.ca".
  51. ^ "Veteran NDP MP Charlie Angus leaving politics". The Globe and Mail. April 4, 2024.
  52. ^ a b "NDP MPs Carol Hughes, Rachel Blaney, Charlie Angus not running again". National Newswatch. April 4, 2024.
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  58. ^ "'My Name Will Not Be on a Federal Election Ballot': Avalon MP Ken McDonald Not Seeking Re-Election". VOCM-FM. July 2, 2024. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
  59. ^ "Souris-Moose Mountain MP not seeking re-election". SaskToday.ca. Harvard Media. July 8, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  60. ^ "N.W.T. MP Michael McLeod says he won't seek re-election". cbc.ca. July 10, 2024. Archived from the original on July 17, 2024.
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  62. ^ "Le député libéral Francis Drouin annonce qu'il ne se représente pas". Radio Canada. July 25, 2024.
  63. ^ "Conservative MP Karen Vecchio won't run again in next election". SaskToday.ca. Harvard Media. July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
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  68. ^ "Le Bloc salue la carrière et l'engagement exceptionnels de Monique Pauzé". BLOC Québécois (in French). October 8, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  69. ^ Kives, Bartley (October 18, 2024). "Winnipeg Liberal cabinet minister Dan Vandal cites age, years of service as rationale not to seek re-election". CBC News. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
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