1885 in science

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The year 1885 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

August 20 – Ernst Hartwig discovers S Andromedae, a supernova in the Andromeda Galaxy, the first supernova discovered beyond the Milky Way.

Biology

The genus Plasmodium is described by Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Celli.
The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) is discovered by Theodor Escherich.^[1]
The bacterium Salmonella enterica is discovered by Theobald Smith, working under Daniel Elmer Salmon.^[2]
Hans Driesch performs a form of artificial cloning on a sea urchin embryo.^[3]

Chemistry

Carl Auer von Welsbach patents his first incandescent gas mantle.
Eugen Goldstein names the cathode ray, later discovered to be composed of electrons, and the canal ray, later discovered to be positive hydrogen ions that have been stripped of their electrons in a cathode-ray tube; these will later be named protons.^[4]

Earth sciences

Eduard Suess begins publication in Vienna of his Das Antlitz der Erde^[5] setting out his theory of eustasy, the existence of the former supercontinent Gondwana, and his pioneering concepts in ecology.

Medicine

January 4 – The first successful appendectomy is performed by Dr. William W. Grant on Mary Gartside.
July 6 – Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux successfully test their rabies vaccine. The patient is Joseph Meister, a boy bitten by a rabid dog.
Georges Gilles de la Tourette publishes an account of nine patients with what will become known as Tourette syndrome.^[6]

Meteorology

January 15 – American photographer Wilson Bentley takes the first known photograph of a snowflake by attaching a view camera to a microscope.

Physics

Johann Balmer publishes an empirical mathematical formula for the visible spectral lines of the hydrogen atom.^[7]^[8]

Psychology

Hermann Ebbinghaus publishes Über das Gedächtnis ("On Memory", later translated as Memory: a Contribution to Experimental Psychology).

Technology

March 24 – George H. Pegram is granted a United States patent for the Pegram truss.^[9]
April 3 – Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for his single-cylinder water-cooled engine design.
August 29 – Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for the Daimler Reitwagen, regarded as the first motorcycle, which he has produced with Wilhelm Maybach.^[10]^[11]^[12]
September 30 – Tolbert Lanston makes his first application for a United States patent on a typesetting system which includes the basic Monotype System keyboard.
Autumn – Karl Benz produces the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, regarded as the first automobile (patented and publicly launched the following January).^[13]
John Kemp Starley demonstrates the Rover safety bicycle, regarded as the first practical modern bicycle.^[14]
The first, not yet practical, form of gyrocompass is patented by Marinus Gerardus van den Bos.^[15]
Rufus Eastman patents the first known electric food mixer.^[16]^[17]^[18]
Completion of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, designed by William Le Baron Jenney. With ten floors and a fireproof weight-bearing metal frame, it is regarded as the first skyscraper.^[19]
Completion of Sway Tower in Hampshire, England, designed by Andrew Peterson using concrete made with Portland cement. It remains the world's tallest non-reinforced concrete structure.^[20]^[21]
The Nipkow disk is patented by German scientist Paul Gottlieb Nipkow.

Institutions

October 13 – The Georgia Institute of Technology is established in Atlanta (United States) as the Georgia School of Technology to teach mechanical engineering.

Awards

Copley Medal: Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz^[22]
Wollaston Medal for Geology: George Busk

Births

January 24 – Marjory Stephenson (died 1948), English biochemist
January 26 – Harry Ricardo (died 1974), English mechanical engineer
March 23 – John Fraser (died 1947), Scottish surgeon
June 2 – Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt (died 1964), German neuropathologist
August 1 – George de Hevesy (died 1966), Hungarian Nobel laureate in chemistry
September 8 – Douglas Guthrie (died 1975), Scottish otolaryngologist and medical historian
September 16 – Karen Horney (died 1952), German-born psychoanalyst
October 7 – Niels Bohr (died 1962), Danish physicist
October 23 – Jan Czochralski (died 1953), Polish discoverer of the Czochralski process for growing crystals
October 26 – Niels Erik Nørlund (died 1981), Danish mathematician
November 7 – Sabina Spielrein (died 1942), Russian psychoanalyst
November 9 – Hermann Weyl (died 1955), German mathematician
December 2 – George Minot (died 1950), American Nobel laureate in physiology

Deaths

February 1 – Sidney Gilchrist Thomas (born 1850), British inventor
February 8 – Nikolai Severtzov (born 1827), Russian explorer and naturalist
March 14 – Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs (born 1819), German medical pathologist
June 12 – Fleeming Jenkin (born 1833), English engineer
September 6 – Narcís Monturiol (born 1819), Catalan intellectual, artist and engineer, inventor of an early submarine
September 15 – Jumbo (born 1861), African elephant, killed in railroad accident
November 26 – Thomas Andrews (born 1813), Irish chemist

References

^ Feng, P.; Weagant, S.; Grant, M. (2002-09-01). "Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the Coliform Bacteria". Bacteriological Analytical Manual (8th ed.). FDA/Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
^ "Salmonella". FDA/CFSAN Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide. FDA/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 2008-07-03. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
^ Bellomo, Michael (2006). The stem cell divide: the facts, the fiction, and the fear driving the greatest scientific, political and religious debate of our time. Amacom. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8144-0881-0. . . . the popular meaning of the term 'clone' is an identical copy that has been created by some conscious design. Under this definition, the first artificially created clone was made in 1885 . . . [Footnote:] Depending on the definition used, one could argue that the experiments carried out by Hans Driesch and Hans Spemmann were not instances of true cloning, but artificial twinning.
^ "History of Chemistry". Intensive General Chemistry. Columbia University Department of Chemistry Undergraduate Program. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
^ 1885–1908, 3 vols in 4. OCLC 2903551.
^ Gilles de la Tourette (1885). "Etude sur une affection nerveuse charactérisée par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'écholalie et de coprolalie (jumping, latah, myriachit)". Archives de Neurologie. 9: 19–42. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
^ Magie, William Francis (1969). A Source Book in Physics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 360.
^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (2000). "Johann Jakob Balmer". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
^ US 314262, Pegram, George H., "Truss for Roofs and Bridges", published 1881-10-24, issued 1885-03-24
^ Gardiner, Mark (1997). Classic motorcycles. MetroBooks. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-56799-460-5.
^ Brown, Roland (2005). The Ultimate History of Fast Motorcycles. Bath: Parragon. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4054-5466-7.
^ Wilson, Hugo (1993). The Ultimate Motorcycle Book. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-56458-303-1.
^ Benz, Carl Friedrich (1925). Lebensfahrt eines deutschen erfinders; erinnerungen eines achtzigjahrigen. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang.
^ "Icons of Invention: Rover safety bicycle, 1885". Making the Modern World. Science Museum (London). Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
^ Galison, Peter (1987). How Experiments End. University of Chicago Press. pp. 34–37. ISBN 978-0-226-27915-2. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
^ U.S. patent 330,829.
^ Katz, Solomon H.; Weaver, William Woys, eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. 2, Food production to Nuts. New York: Scribner. pp. 323–333. ISBN 978-0684805665.
^ "Beat It". Vegetarian Times. Active Interest Media, Inc. October 2002. pp. 69–70.
^ "Home Insurance Building". SkyscraperPage. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
^ James, J. (1997). All about Sway Tower. Lymington: Lymington Museum Trust.
^ Trout, Edwin (October 2002). "Sway Tower: an early example of high-rise concrete construction". Concrete: 64–5.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

[1] Feng, P.; Weagant, S.; Grant, M. (2002-09-01). "Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the Coliform Bacteria". Bacteriological Analytical Manual (8th ed.). FDA/Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2011-06-03.

[2] "Salmonella". FDA/CFSAN Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide. FDA/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 2008-07-03. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2009-02-14.

[3] Bellomo, Michael (2006). The stem cell divide: the facts, the fiction, and the fear driving the greatest scientific, political and religious debate of our time. Amacom. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8144-0881-0. . . . the popular meaning of the term 'clone' is an identical copy that has been created by some conscious design. Under this definition, the first artificially created clone was made in 1885 . . . [Footnote:] Depending on the definition used, one could argue that the experiments carried out by Hans Driesch and Hans Spemmann were not instances of true cloning, but artificial twinning.

[4] "History of Chemistry". Intensive General Chemistry. Columbia University Department of Chemistry Undergraduate Program. Retrieved 2007-03-24.

[5] 1885–1908, 3 vols in 4. OCLC 2903551.

[6] Gilles de la Tourette (1885). "Etude sur une affection nerveuse charactérisée par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'écholalie et de coprolalie (jumping, latah, myriachit)". Archives de Neurologie. 9: 19–42. Retrieved 2011-04-11.

[7] Magie, William Francis (1969). A Source Book in Physics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 360.

[8] O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (2000). "Johann Jakob Balmer". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 2011-10-28.

[9] US 314262, Pegram, George H., "Truss for Roofs and Bridges", published 1881-10-24, issued 1885-03-24

[10] Gardiner, Mark (1997). Classic motorcycles. MetroBooks. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-56799-460-5.

[11] Brown, Roland (2005). The Ultimate History of Fast Motorcycles. Bath: Parragon. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4054-5466-7.

[12] Wilson, Hugo (1993). The Ultimate Motorcycle Book. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-1-56458-303-1.

[13] Benz, Carl Friedrich (1925). Lebensfahrt eines deutschen erfinders; erinnerungen eines achtzigjahrigen. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang.

[14] "Icons of Invention: Rover safety bicycle, 1885". Making the Modern World. Science Museum (London). Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-27.

[15] Galison, Peter (1987). How Experiments End. University of Chicago Press. pp. 34–37. ISBN 978-0-226-27915-2. Retrieved 2012-02-18.

[16] U.S. patent 330,829.

[17] Katz, Solomon H.; Weaver, William Woys, eds. (2003). Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. 2, Food production to Nuts. New York: Scribner. pp. 323–333. ISBN 978-0684805665.

[18] "Beat It". Vegetarian Times. Active Interest Media, Inc. October 2002. pp. 69–70.

[19] "Home Insurance Building". SkyscraperPage. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-27.

[20] James, J. (1997). All about Sway Tower. Lymington: Lymington Museum Trust.

[21] Trout, Edwin (October 2002). "Sway Tower: an early example of high-rise concrete construction". Concrete: 64–5.

[22] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.

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