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15810 Arawn

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15810 Arawn
A distant view of Arawn (center) from New Horizons in November 2015.[n 1]
Discovery[1]
Discovered byM. J. Irwin
A. Żytkow
Discovery siteLa Palma Obs.
Discovery date12 May 1994
Designations
(15810) Arawn
Pronunciation/ˈɑːraʊn/[2]
Named after
Arawn (Welsh mythology)[1]
1994 JR1
TNO · plutino[3][4]
Orbital characteristics[5]
Epoch 16 February 2017 (JD 2457800.5)
Uncertainty parameter 2
Observation arc21.91 yr (8,002 days)
Aphelion44.241 AU
Perihelion34.720 AU
39.480 AU
Eccentricity0.1206
248.07 yr (90,609 days)
30.638°
0° 0m 14.4s / day
Inclination3.8074°
144.69°
101.89°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions133 km (83 mi)[6]
145 km (90 mi)[7]
5.47±0.33 h[8]
0.04[8]
7.6[5]

15810 Arawn (provisional designation 1994 JR1) is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) from the inner regions of the Kuiper belt, approximately 133 kilometres (83 mi) in diameter. It belongs to the plutinos, the most populous class of resonant TNOs. It was named after Arawn, the ruler of the Otherworld in Welsh mythology, and was discovered on 12 May 1994, by astronomers Michael Irwin and Anna Żytkow with the 2.5-metre Isaac Newton Telescope at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in the Canary Islands, Spain.[1]

Arawn is unusual in that it has been observed at a much closer distance than most Kuiper belt objects, by the New Horizons spacecraft, which imaged it from a distance of 111 million km (69 million mi; 0.74 AU) in April 2016; this and its other observations have allowed its rotation period to be determined.[7][9]

Orbit and physical properties

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Arawn is moving in a relatively eccentric orbit entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. With a semi-major axis of 39.4 AU, it orbits the Sun once every 247 years and 6 months (90,409 days). Its orbit has a perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) of 34.7 AU, an aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun) of 44.1 AU, an eccentricity of 0.12, and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.[5] It is a plutino, being trapped in a 2:3 mean motion resonance with Neptune, similarly to dwarf planet Pluto, the largest known plutino.

It measures approximately 133 km (83 mi) in diameter,[6] based on an absolute magnitude of 7.6, and an estimated albedo of 0.1.[citation needed] Observations by the Hubble Space Telescope show that Arawn has a very red surface.[10] In April 2016, its rotation period of 5.47 hours was determined.[9]

Quasi-satellite dynamical state and orbital evolution

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In 2012 Arawn was hypothesized to be in a quasi-satellite loop around Pluto, as part of a recurring pattern, becoming a Plutonian quasi-satellite every 2 Myr and remaining in that phase for nearly 350,000 years.[11][12] Measurements made by the New Horizons probe in 2015 increased the accuracy of calculations of the motion of Arawn.[8] These calculations confirm the general dynamics described in the hypotheses.[13] However, whether this motion means that Arawn should be classified as a quasi-satellite of Pluto remains debated, because Arawn's orbit is primarily controlled by Neptune with only occasional smaller perturbations caused by Pluto.[8][9][13]

Origin

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Arawn is moving in a very stable orbit, likely as stable as Pluto's. This suggests that it might be a primordial plutino formed around the same time Pluto itself and Charon came into existence. It is unlikely to be relatively recent debris that originated in collisions within Pluto's system or a captured object.[11]

Observation

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Arawn is currently relatively close to Pluto. In 2017 it was only 2.7 AU from Pluto.[14] Before 486958 Arrokoth was discovered in 2014, Arawn was the best known target for a flyby by the New Horizons spacecraft after its Pluto flyby in 2015.[15][16]

Arawn was one of the first objects targeted for distant observations by New Horizons, which were taken on 2 November 2015.[17] More observations were made in April 2016.[7]

On 2 November 2015, Arawn was imaged by the LORRI instrument aboard New Horizons, and was therefore 1/15 the distance of the previous nearest observation of a Kuiper belt object other than the Pluto–Charon system.[18]

Between 7–8 April 2016, New Horizons imaged Arawn from a new record distance of about 111 million kilometres, using the LORRI instrument. The new images allowed the science team at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado, to further pinpoint the location of Arawn to within 1000 kilometers. The new data also enabled calculation that its rotation period is about 5.47 hours.[9]

On 15 April 2024, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) conducted an observation of the Kuiper Belt object Arawn for a duration of 1 minute and 4 seconds using its NIRCam instrument in Moving Target mode with published findings expected at a later date.[19]

  • April 2016 observations of Arawn by New Horizons
    April 2016 observations of Arawn by New Horizons
  • Trajectory of New Horizons and other nearby Kuiper belt objects
    Trajectory of New Horizons and other nearby Kuiper belt objects
  • Orbit of Arawn near Pluto
    Orbit of Arawn near Pluto

Arawn occulted a star on 25 August 2022.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "(15810) Arawn". IAU Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  2. ^ Boyd, Matthieu, ed. (2017). The four branches of the Mabinogi. A Broadview anthology of British literature edition. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55481-319-3. OCLC 990574218.
  3. ^ Buie, Marc W. (14 October 2006). "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 15810". Southwest Research Institute. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
  4. ^ Brian G. Marsden (17 July 2008). "MPEC 2008-O05 : Distant Minor Planets (2008 Aug. 2.0 TT)". IAU Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  5. ^ a b c "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 15810 (1994 JR1)" (2016-04-08 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  6. ^ a b "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. Archived from the original on 13 March 2002. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  7. ^ a b c "Catalog Page for PIA20589". Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d Porter, Simon B.; et al. (2016). "The First High-phase Observations of a KBO: New Horizons Imaging of (15810) 1994 JR1 from the Kuiper Belt". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 828 (2): L15. arXiv:1605.05376. Bibcode:2016ApJ...828L..15P. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/828/2/L15. S2CID 54507506.
  9. ^ a b c d "New Horizons Collects First Science on a Post-Pluto Object". New Horizons. NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  10. ^ "Scientists Determine Color of Kuiper Belt Objects JR1 and MU69 | Planetary Science, Space Exploration". Sci-News.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  11. ^ a b de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (November 2012). "Plutino 15810 (1994 JR1), an accidental quasi-satellite of Pluto". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 427 (1): L85–L89. arXiv:1209.3116. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427L..85D. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2012.01350.x. S2CID 118570875.
  12. ^ "Pluto's fake moon". Sky & Telescope. 24 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  13. ^ a b de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (2016). "The analemma criterion: accidental quasi-satellites are indeed true quasi-satellites". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 462 (3): 3344–3349. arXiv:1607.06686. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.462.3344D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1833.
  14. ^ "50000 Quaoar distance (AU) from Pluto". Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  15. ^ Stryk, Ted; Lakdawalla, Emily (24 January 2011). "Report from the 2011 New Horizons Science Team Meeting". The Planetary Society Blog. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  16. ^ "25 closer candidates". Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
  17. ^ "A Distant Close-up: New Horizons' Camera Captures a Wandering Kuiper Belt Object". New Horizons. NASA/JHUAPL. 4 December 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  18. ^ "New Horizons' catches a wandering Kuiper Belt Object not far off". SpaceDaily. 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  19. ^ "JWST Schedule". James Webb Space Telescope. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  20. ^ Buie, Marc W. (7 October 2021). "RECON: TNO occultation with 15810". Southwest Research Institute. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022.

Notes

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  1. ^ This four-frame animation depicting Arawn was taken on 2 November 2015, by New Horizons, when the spacecraft was 270 million km (170 million mi) away. Arawn is the white dot, just left of center, moving from right to left.
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