Machinima

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Machinima (pronounced [mə.ˈʃiː.nə.mə] or [mə.ˈʃɪ.nə.mə]), a portmanteau of machine cinema or machine animation, is both a collection of associated production techniques and a film genre defined by those techniques. As a production technique, the term concerns the rendering of computer-generated imagery (CGI) using real-time, interactive (game) 3D engines, as opposed to high-end and complex 3D animation software used by professionals. Engines from first person shooter and role-playing simulation video games are typically used. Consequently, the rendering can be done in real-time using PCs (either using the computer of the creator or the viewer), rather than with complex 3D engines using huge render farms. As a film genre, the term refers to movies created by the techniques described above.

Usually, machinima productions are produced using the tools (demo recording, camera angle, level editor, script editor, etc.) and resources (backgrounds, levels, characters, skins, etc.) available in a game. Although the topics are often based on male-oriented shooter scenarios, others have been made with romantic or dramatic topics as well.

Machinima is an example of emergent gameplay, a process of putting game tools to unexpected ends, and of artistic computer game modification. The real-time nature of machinima means that established techniques from traditional film-making can be reapplied in a virtual environment. As a result, production tends to be cheaper and more rapid than in keyframed CGI animation. It can also produce more professional appearing production than is possible with traditional at-home techniques of live video tape, or stop action using live actors, hand drawn animation or toy props.

Although most often used to produce recordings that are later edited as in conventional film, machinima techniques have also occasionally been used for theatre. A New York improvisational comedy group called the ILL Clan voice and puppet their characters before a virtual camera to produce machinima displayed on a screen to a live audience.

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The earliest roots of machinima can be found in the demoscene, a computer subculture that became established in the 1980s. The demoscene demos are non-interactive software programs containing graphics, music and visual effects animated in real time. The technological basis for demos is similar to computer and video games, and early demos could even use elements, such as music and sprites, that were directly copied from games. Unlike machinima, however, demos are nearly always stand-alone programs that are preferably created from scratch.

In 1992, the game Stunt Island was released, which allowed users to create movies by placing props and cameras, flying stunts, and splicing together takes. Communities emerged on CompuServe and the Internet, where users of the software were able to trade props and movies with each other.

This relatively new artform has attracted some interest in the media in gaming magazines, such as Computer and Video Games and PC Gamer, as a "sign of things to come".^{[citation needed]} But the number of machinima artists is rather small, as of 2005, and they have not achieved widespread success. As the quality of game engines, tools and 3D hardware improves, however, the popularity of the new medium continues to grow.

When Doom was released in 1993, it included support for the recording and playback of gameplay demos. This resulted in the eventual creation of Doom speedruns, where players recorded rapid traversals of Doom levels. Machinima per se arrived with the advent of true 3D game worlds and controllable cameras, from late 1993 to 1996. The 1993 Star Wars game X-Wing featured a limited recording feature with a controllable camera system, but the camera was controllable only during playback of recordings, not during gameplay itself. While Quake is commonly credited as being the first to introduce these, that honor technically belongs to MechWarrior 2, which was published a year ahead of it and possessed most of the same capabilities. The first movies appeared in 1996, and the term was coined at the start of 1998. At this time, the term "Quake Movies" was used in most situations. Around about mid 2000, this Quake community died out somewhat, due to the movement of players to newer games.

Things picked up in the following two years or so, however. With the improvements in 3D game engine technology many developers added in-game cut scenes to their games. This led to improvements in animation capabilities and soon most game engines had the functionality (although often available to the developers only) necessary to produce machinima.

Quake II, Unreal and Battlefield 1942 are examples of video games which are currently used to create machinima. Use of the original Unreal Tournament was possible through the third-party tool Unreal Movie Studio (UMS) by UnFramed Productions, and later Real-Time Movie Studio (RTMS) by Mod team reactor 4. Understanding the future potential of machinima, Epic Games, the developers of Unreal Tournament 2003, included a tool called "Matinee" with the game, and sponsored a contest for US$50,000 to create a machinima film with the video game. The Unreal engine was used by director George Lucas for pre-visualisation of the later Star Wars movies and by some other directors.

The video game The Sims, which had a "photo album" feature, was used by players to stage elaborate "comic book" stories. For example, over several months in 2003, Nicole Service, a Sims player known online as "nsknight" staged a highly-rated photo album telling the story of three sisters whose mother is murdered. (Wired News) Other players have staged stories of abusive relationships, drug addiction, and interracial adoptions. The Sims 2 has a built-in movie making feature.

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The Movies is a game developed by Lionhead Studios that puts the player in the role of a movie director and allow them to create short feature films using the game engine. A similar technique is used on the MTV television show Video Mods that shows music videos, rendered using characters from popular video games and Demos, including The Sims 2, BloodRayne and Dawn. However, the creators of the show only re-use the models, which are manually animated using 3D-animation software, not the game engines.

Besides the first-person shooter (FPS) and simulation genres mentioned above, other genres of games, most notably the sports games (like EA Sports' FIFA, NFL, and NHL series), already had the features and tools required (such as instant replay, customizable camera angle, recording, playback, save, and load) to make machinima for a long time, though it appeared that no one had attempted to make machinima using those games.

During the 2000s, machinima communities have become increasingly aware of demos, another form of real-time non-interactive computer animation. Some demos have been featured and discussed on machinima-related web sites, where they are classified as machinima based on self-built or "other" 3D engines.

The demos that receive attention among machinima enthusiasts tend to be storydemos, or ones that focus on consistent narrative rather than pure "eye-candy". IX and Halla by Moppi Productions are notable demos in this category.

It should be noted, however, that machinima is still a rather unknown concept among the demoscene, and some demosceners dislike the idea of classifying demos as "machinima". [1]

In recent years, demo authoring tools have diminished the amount of specialized technical skill required for producing demo-like works. This has brought demoscene slightly closer to machinima by making some demoscene techniques available to people who are less willing to build everything from scratch.

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• Possibly smaller distribution size: To distribute the movie, the producer only has to distribute the movie scripts (and any new resources used in the movie), which are much smaller than the entire rendered movie, though this requires both parties (producer and viewer) to have same rendering engine (same game, that is) and hardware capable rendering the movie. Further to this, if the engine and hardware allow it, the movie could be watched at extremely high resolutions, beyond what the average computer was capable of rendering smoothly at the time of release. The size of a rendered video of comparable resolution could put most viewers off, even those on very fast connections.
• Lower cost and production time: Because of lower hardware requirements (movie can be made and rendered on desktop computers), lower software costs (games cost much less than professional 3D animation software), and lower production time (because low-end 3D engines can render animation quickly, if not real-time). Moreover, mistakes in the movie can sometimes be corrected quickly by simply editing the script and because of the lower rendering time.
• Arguably easier movie making: Because most games' interfaces are very simple and easy to use, it is easy to make simple movies, though it can be more frustrating to make complex ones because of the limited movie-making capability (see below).

• Limited capability: The possibilities (what can be done in a movie, that is) are limited by the genre of the game and the flexibility and (movie-making) capability of the game engine itself. Also, because game engines were primarily designed for game-playing, not for making movies, the movie-making capabilities of game engines (and, consequently, the quality of the produced movies) tend to be limited, when compared to 3D animation software used by professionals. It is important to note that, because of the technical limitations, most machinima uses sharp writing in order to make up for the lack of visual flair (even this depends on the game being used to make the machinima).
• Possibly high playback hardware requirements: Unless the entire rendered movie is distributed, in order to play a movie (run movie scripts), the viewer needs the same rendering engine as the one used by the producer, and a computer with capable hardware (to run the movie scripts to view the movie), depending on the complexity of the rendering engine (the game, that is) and movie. Consequently, this prohibits low-end machines and machines without rendering capability (e.g.: cell phones, PDA, low-end computers, Video CD players) to display the movie.

Machinima productions are usually categorized by game engine or by film genre (drama, comedy, action). The following examples are organized using the former method.

Portal (TV series) was the first television experience to machinima. It aired on G4 for two seasons largely playing on comedy. It took many MMORPGs, with exceptions like the Sims Online and Second Life. It also had the main host in live action.

It was with Quake that machinima truly took off, and it was for this game that the first true machinima film was made. Released in 1996 by United Ranger Films, an off-shoot of a then well known Quake clan named The Rangers, Diary of a Camper was the first true piece of machinima. A short silent film, lasting less than two minutes, it told the story of The Rangers rooting out an embedded player (the camper) within DM6, a popular Quake deathmatch map. At this point in time, the term "machinima" had not been coined, and these films were being touted as "Quake Movies". The piece became very popular within the Quake community, and soon spawned other Quake Movies, such as Wendigo and Avatar's Blahbalicious and Clan Undead's Operation Bayshield.

One of the more famous Quake machinima groups is Quake done Quick, or QdQ. QdQ produced several speedruns for Quake, and reworked them into movies, using special tools to show speedrun in third person. Their most famous movie by far is Quake done Quicker, and the group itself believes that their movie Scourge done Slick (which requires the Scourge of Armagon expansion pack) is their best work thus far.^[1] For a full list of productions, see the Quake done Quick article. As of 2006, the group is still active, making rare speedrun releases.

The ILL Clan is known for their series of shorts featuring Larry and Lenny Lumberjack. Their first movie (and one of the earliest notable machinima pieces) was Apartment Huntin', and was created using Quake. Their award-winning short, Hardly Workin, was created using Quake 2. They have also made three to four live performances in front of audiences in recent years.

Also one of the most notable Quake machinimas is The Seal of Nehahra, which details the story of the original game and expands considerably on the backstory. With a run time of 3:53:34, it's also one of the longest machinima feature movies.

Borg War is a feature-length movie created using the variant of the Quake 3 engine used in the game Elite Force 2.

The most popular and well known Halo machinima is Red vs. Blue: The Blood Gulch Chronicles, a comedic machinima series filmed within the Halo series of Xbox games. Created by Rooster Teeth Productions, and premiering online on April 1 2003, the show has so far released four seasons on DVD. The series has also further inspired a fan tribute series called Sponsors vs Freeloaders, based in the forums of the Red vs. Blue website.

Another popular Halo machinima group are Fire Team Charlie, who started production in Mid-2003. Fire Team Charlie has made a name by delving into the code of Halo and modifying it to increase their movie making possibilities. Their most notable change is removing all on screen displays, making each video seem less "in-game" and more like a movie. This makes for more unique videos from a console game, though these types of modifications are extremely common in computer based machinima.

The Codex, Episode 1 debuted on 9 February 2005. Unlike any previous Halo machinima series, The Codex is a drama, and is set within the universe of the Halo games. While previous Halo machinima series focus almost exclusively on comedy, The Codex has a definite story, and has often been described as a movie divided into episodes, rather than a series proper. It is also one of the few series to be set within the confines of the Halo universe, dealing with situations described in the games and happening concurrently with other well-known events.

The Heretic, The second of The Codex .... more coming later

This Spartan Life also differs from other Halo machinima in that it is a talk show, similar in concept to The Late Show with David Letterman. Every episode of the show is divided into parts that are uploaded on the show's site in a sequential fashion. Every episode features an opening monologue, interviews with guests as well as two fixed features, the Solid Gold Elite Dancers, a group of Covenant Elite dancers, and Body Count, a debate segment featuring players killing each other as they debate their points. Some of the comedy in the show itself is derived from the fact that often, players not involved in the show's making are unaware that the show is being filmed at all, and thus fire upon show contestants as they try to act out their parts.

Possibly the most commercially used engine to date, Rome: Total War machinima is only just beginning to emerge from the player side of things. The first, and most famous (in the States, anyway) use of Rome was a show made specifically for the History Channel called Decisive Battles. Decisive Battles used the engine's ability to show vast numbers of characters to reconstruct some of the most historically significant battles in history. The game turned out to be an excellent way of visually representing the fight for a mass audience, something traditionally difficult to do. In the UK, the game was also used for the show Time Commanders, which aired on the BBC. This was a kind of game show, in which contestants playing Rome were pitted against an enemy AI in a simulation of an ancient battle, in an attempt to see if the player could reverse history.

While the game has clearly been used by mainstream television, its use as player-driven machinima is comparatively small. The most significant example to date is Nicholas Werner's Potentior, a forty-minute long reconstruction of the Battle of Alesia. Despite its relatively recent release date, it has already sparked controversy on the Internet Archive's Potentior page.

The Sims machinima started with the photo album concept in the first Sims game. With the photo album a person could create full stories using all the game's resources. The Sims 2, which came out in the Fall of 2004, included a built in movie making utility for players to film what their Sims do. After the release of The Sims 2, Maxis, The Sims games creators, held contests hosted on their website for the best movie makers. The most notable examples of The Sims 2 machinima are listed below.

Rooster Teeth Productions, the authors of Red vs. Blue, have also created a serial production, The Strangerhood, using The Sims 2. The initial installment of the series introduced eight occupants of a neighborhood, who wake up one morning with no memory of who they are, where they are, or how they arrived. The characters have diverse, quirky, and intense personalities. Owing to the limitations of the simulation engine it was necessary to create a number of clones of each character, each with a different expression (happy, sad, angry, etc.). The unused versions are herded into an out-of-viewpoint room and exchanged as necessary to obtain the various facial expressions.

Relic Entertainment's Company of Heroes, a 3D real time strategy game for the PC, with some built in machinima capability, was released in September 2006. Relic produced an eleven minute in game machinima piece to publicise the game, which subsequently won the award for Best Virtual Performance: Custom Animation at the 2006 Machinima Film Festival.

In response to favorable input about the game's story, the developers of Anachronox independently combined the game's many cutscenes into a Machinima movie of 2 hours and 30 minutes length. The movie has since won several awards at the Machinima Film Festival 2002 (MFF2002), where it was first presented. Machinima.com had to say about the film: "Anachronox: The Movie is a tour-de-force, one of the finest Machinima films produced to date, and probably the most accomplished Machinima feature to date. Hell, it managed to hold two over-worked jury members in a room for two and a half hours before the MFF 2002 - what more can we say?". The film is available in downloadable MPG format at the following URL [2], split into 13 parts. Machinima.com is planning on releasing the film as a high-res DVD version, with extra footage and artwork. Anachronox: The Movie is one of the most acclaimed Machinima films ever made.^{[citation needed]}

Blizzard Entertainment's popular massively multiplayer online game World of Warcraft has also spawned many machinima productions. Notable amongst the plethora of fan-created machinima are films such as Illegal Danish: Super Snacks!, Not Just Another Love Story, Zinwrath: The Movie, Return and The Internet is for Porn (Also referred to as The Internet is for Pron) [3]. Perhaps most famous is the Leeroy Jenkins film, featuring a character of the same name causing the downfall of his party. Parodies of Warcraft machinima, and films that poke fun at aspects of the game well known amongst avid players, are also wildly popular.^{[citation needed]} For example, Further Proof That Shamans are Overpowered mocks the bombast and clichés of another Warcraft machinima called Proof That Shamans are Overpowered. Another machinima, The Most Horrific Act of Ninja Looting Ever, shows the frustration of players who are robbed by a Thief looter in a humorous light. Xfire, a company that has created a popular internet communications and file sharing tool, has sponsored one machinima contest to date which produced many films, and has announced a second machinima contest which is projected to be even more popular than the first. The South Park episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft" uses World of Warcraft machinima for some in-game sequences and was made with the full support of Blizzard.

While there have not been many machinima made with Valve Software's first game (Half-Life), the power and versatility of the Source engine coupled with Valve Hammer Editor and Faceposer have made Half-Life 2 very useful for quality machinima. A notable example is A Few Good G-Men, a machinima produced from the famous courtroom scene from the Rob Reiner film A Few Good Men. One of the most notable features of the Source engine is Faceposer's ability to take any voices in sound form and have an ingame character automatically lipsynch to the words. Faceposer is also used for various choreography functions, such as having ingame characters move to certain positions or play a certain animation. Another fairly known example is Still Seeing Breen, by Paul Marino, set to music by Breaking Benjamin.

Not many machinima productions made with the F.E.A.R. - First Encounter Assault Recon game engine have gained widespread popularity to date. The best known one is a mini-series called P.A.N.I.C.S., produced by Rooster Teeth Productions (creator of the Red vs. Blue series). P.A.N.I.C.S. spoofs both the F.E.A.R. game that it's filmed inside of, as well as supernatural thriller/comedy movies like Ghostbusters.

The Movies machinima films are generally simpler to create, as the game contains all the tools required to produce the final movie. As of October 5 2006, more than 110,000 movies have been uploaded on to the "The Movies Online" website, albeit most movies are not much different from the random movies created by the game itself. However, more serious machinima makers have been continuously striving to make better movies, and their output has become more and more visible within the machinima community. The promise of combining the ease of access to such a large library of scenes, with better outside post-production tools, spell an interesting future for this type of machinima.

Star Wars: Battlefront II machinima films are somewhat harder to make than The Movies(above) but make for a interesting film.The only well known Battlefront 2 machinima is A Clone Apart by Illusive entertainment.The Star wars battlefront 2 machinima is fairly new to the Machinima community because very few have been released and have not been well known.

The following machinima examples are organized by film genre.

Machinima works that eschew a narrative structure, instea|d focusing on experimentation. Gene Youngblood refers to this type of filmmaking as Expanded Cinema. A handful of exemplary works would include:

• Butoh Cone (Julian Oliver)
• Carmageddon data-bending
• The Pellucid World

• Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences, an advocacy group for machinima
• List of machinima series
• Computer-generated art
• Demomaker
• Artistic computer game modification
• Digital puppetry

• Machinima.com, a central site for Machinima with hundreds of films and articles.
• Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences(AMAS), an advocacy group for machinima.
• Paul Marino at the GDC - Paul Marino's speech on Machinima at the Game Developers Conference 2006
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