Korean/Words/Basics

This is a primary, secondary and/or original Eurasiatic research project at Wikiversity.

Comparatives

• De (Chinese) § Etymologies

()
가다 (gada) go	Infinitive Korean: 가다 (ga-da) Old English: gān Middle English: gon English: to go [4] Danish: at gå [5] Dutch: gaan German: gehen Norwegian: gå Swedish: gå imperative Korean: 가 (ga) Old English: gā English: go Danish: gå Dutch: ga German: geh Norwegian: gå Swedish: gå
굳 (gut) pit, hollow, cavity cf. ditch, gote, gut [6] See also [#둑]] (duk, "dyke")		ditch dyke 굳 둑 陰 陽
까까 (kkakka) cake	Norse Old Norse: kaka Danish: kage Faroese: kaka Icelandic: kaka Norwegian: kake Swedish: kaka Others Dutch: koek English: cake German: Kuchen Estonian: kook Finnish: kakku Greek: κέικ (kéik)
난쟁이 (nan-jaeng`i) dwarf 낮다 (nat-da) low cf. nether, Netherlands	dwarf Ancient Greek: νᾶνος (nânos) Latin: nanus Catalan: nan, nano French: nain Italian: nano Lombard: nan Portuguese: anão Spanish: enano nether Dutch neder German nieder Danish: ned Norwegian: ned Swedish: ned Faroese: niður Icelandic: niður
낳다 (nat-da) to give birth to [7] 놓다 (not-da) to lay, say, an egg	lay (an egg) Dutch: leggen German: legen Norwegian: legge Swedish: lägga
내 (nae) river, rivulet cf. The names of many European rivers	Danube, French Danube, Danish Donau, Dutch Donau, German Donau, Hungarian Duna, Icelandic Dóná, Polish Dunaj, Russian Дуна́й (Dunáj), Slovak Dunaj, Sorbian Dunaj, Turkish Tuna, Ukrainian: Дуна́й (Dunáj) Daugava aka. Duna, Dutch Westelijke Dvina, German Düna, Icelandic Dvína, Latin Duina Occidentalis, Portuguese Rio Duína Ocidental, Slovak Západná Dvina, Sloven Zahodna Dvina Garonne, Catalan Garona, French Garonne, Italian Garonna, Latin Garumna, Occitan Garona, Portuguese Garona, Spanish Garona Rhine, German Rhein, Hungarian Rajna, Latvian Reina, Macedonian Ра́јна (Rájna), Serbo-Croatian Рајна (Rajna) Seine, Albanian Sena, Azerbaijani Sena, Bulgarian: Се́на (Séna), Czech Seina, Estonian Seine, Finnish Seine, French Seine, German Seine, Hungarian Szajna, Icelandic Signa, Italian Senna, Norwegian Seine, Portuguese Sena, Russian Се́на (Séna), Slovak Seina, Slovene Sena, Spanish Sena, Swedish Seine, Ukrainian Се́на (Séna)
누나 (nuna) older sister of a male cf. nun	nun, sister Danish: nonne, søster Dutch: non, zuster English: nun, sister Faroese: nunna, systir French: nonne, sœur German: Nonne, Schwester
닙 (nip) > 입 (ip) mouth cf. lip
닢 (nip) > 잎 (ip) leaf
담 (dam) wall cf. dam See also: 담벽 (dam-beok, "wall") #벽 (byeok, "wall") #둑 (duk, "dyke")	dam #Translations Danish: dæmning Dutch: dam German: Damm Korean: 댐 (daem) [9] Norwegian: dam, demning Russian: да́мба (dámba) Swedish: damm
덕 (deok) 德 virtue See also: 득 (deuk) 得	Afrikaans: deug Danish: dyd Dutch: deugd German: Tugend Icelandic: dyggð Korean: 덕(德, deok) cf. 득(得, deuk) Norwegian: dygd Old Norse: dygð Swedish: dygd
두다 (du-da) to put, lay, cf. do
둑 (duk) dyke [11] [12] [13] [14] cf. thick See also: #담 (dam, "wall") cf. dam #벽 (byeok, "wall") cf. Danish væg etc. #방죽 (bangjuk, "dyke; pond") [15] cf. German Deich; Teich	dyke "barrier to prevent flooding" Bulgarian: дига (diga) Catalan: dic Danish: dige Dutch: dijk French: digue German: Deich Italian: diga Korean: 둑 (duk) Latin: diga Portuguese: dique Spanish: dique Estonian: tamm Russian: да́мба (dámba) thick Danish: tyk Dutch: dik, dikke German: dick Norwegian: tykk Swedish: tjock See also English: thigh [16]
둔 (dun) 屯 [18] fort, fortress, hillfort cf. dun, w: Dun [19] [20] hill, mound cf. wikt: dun #Etymology 7, dune See also: #둔치 (dun-chi, "dune")	hillfort English: dun #Etymology 4 Irish: dún Scottish Gaelic: dùn Welsh: din hill English: dun #Etymology 7
둔치 (dun-chi) dune, sand dune, cf. thin See also 둔덕 (dun-deok) 두덩 (dudeong) [22]	dune Dutch: duin French: dune Galician: duna German: Düne Italian: duna Korean: 둔(屯) (dun), 둔덕 (dundeok), 둔치 (dunchi), 모래톱 (moraetop), 사구(砂丘) (sagu) Norwegian: dyne Portuguese: duna Spanish: duna Swedish: dyn See also Bulgarian: дю́на (djúna) Czech: duna Finnish: dyyni Hungarian: dűne Russian: дю́на (djúna) thin Danish: tyn ? Dutch: dun English: thin German: dünn Norwegian: tynn Swedish: tunn
로래 (rorae) > 노래 (norae) song cf. Lorelei, maybe meaning "singing rock"	w: Lorelei "Lorelei, siren of Germanic mythology, of great beauty and delicious song, who was placed on a rock on the Rhine and with her song seduced the navigators. ..." Meanwhile, Etymology argues for "murmuring rock", sounding incoherent.
말 (mal) language, speech	Norse Old Norse: mál Faroese: mál Icelandic: mál Danish: mål Norwegian: mål Swedish: mål See also Old English: mæl English: blackmail #Etymology [23]
말 (mal) horse cf. mare large See also: mule	horse, mare Old English: mearh → mīere ("mare") Old Norse: marr → merr ("mare") Old Frisian: mar → Dutch: merrie ("mare") Old High German: marah → German: Mähre ("mare") Icelandic: mar → meri ("mare") Norwegian: merr ("mare") Swedish: märr ("mare") Irish: marc ("horse") Welsh: march ("horse") large #말거머리 (mal-geomeori) "horse leech" #말개미 (mal-gaemi) "horse ant" #말벌 (mal-beol) "horse bee" cf. Yiddish: פֿערדבין‎ (ferdbin) etc. mule [26] Czech: mula Danish: muldyr Dutch: muildier Estonian: muul Finnish: muuli French: mule German: Maultier, Muli Italian: mulo Latin: mūlus Latvian: mūlis Lithuanian: mulas Norwegian: muldyr Old English: mūl Polish: muł Portuguese: mulo, mula Romanian: mul Russian: мул (mul) Slovak: mul Slovene: mula Spanish: mulo, mula Swedish: mula Ukrainian: мул (mul)
말거머리 (mal-geomeori) horse leech	Wiktionary Chinese: 馬蛭, 马蛭 (mǎzhì) Czechs: pijavka koňská Estonian: hobukaan Finnish: hevosjuotikas German: Pferdeegel Hungarian: lópióca Japanese: ウマヒル (umahiru) [28] Korean: 말거머리 (malgeomeori) Norwegian: hesteigle Polish: pijawka końska Russian: конская пиявка f (kónskaja pijávka) Swedish: hästigel Vietnamese: đỉa trâu [29] Wikipedia wikt: 馬蛭 #Chinese w: cs: Pijavka_koňská w: et: Hobukaan w: fi: Hevosjuotikas w: de: Pferdeegel w: hu: Lópióca Japanese: 馬蛭 wikt: 말거머리 #Korean w: no: Hesteigle w: pl: Pijawka_końska w: ru: ко́нская пия́вка w: sv: Hästigel hästigel wikt: đỉa trâu #Vietnamese
말뫼 (mal-moe) huge tumulus cf. Malmö [30]
말밤 (mal-bam) 末栗 water caltrop aka. water chestnut *말밤 (mal-bam) *馬栗 horse chestnut
말벌 (mal-beol) hornet, lit. "horse bee"	말벌 #Korean 말 (mal, "horse") + 벌 (beol, "bee") 馬蜂 #Chinese 馬 (mǎ, "horse") + 蜂 (fēng, "bee") морин зөгий #Mongolian [31] морин (morin, "horse") + зөгий (zögij, "bee") eşek arısı #Turkish eşek (eşek, "mule") + arısı (arısı, "bee's") ձիաբոռ #Armenian ձի (ji, "horse") + ա (a, interfix) + բոռ (boṙ, "bee") lódarázs #Hungarian ló (ló, "horse") + darázs (darázs, "bee") shellan cabbyl #Manx shellan ("bee") + cabbyl ("horse") פֿערדבין #Yiddish פֿערד‎ (ferd, "horse") +‎ בין‎ (bin, "bee") *pferdebiene #German Pferd ("horse") + e + Biene ("bee") [32] *horse bee #English horse ("horse") + bee ("bee")
맘마 (mamma) pop
못 (mot) pond See also 성밑못 (seong-mit-mot) 城下池 lit. "pond below defensive wall", hence moat #해자 (haeja) 垓子/垓字 moat, fosse, cf. Dutch haag "enclosure" boundary, edge, cf. hedge #방죽 (bangjuk)	pond Danish: dam Norwegian: dam Swedish: damm German: Teich Estonian: tiik Latvian: dīķis Korean: 방죽 (bangjuk) [33] moat [34] [35] Icelandic: díki [36] Irish: móta [37]
뫃다 (mot-da) > 모으다 (moeu-da) vt. to collect, gather, bring together cf. motte,[38] mount, mound See also 모이다 (moi-da) vi. to come togather cf. meet	w: Motte-and-bailey castle A motte-and-bailey castle is a European fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade.
물 (mul) water cf. Latin mare See also #바다 (bada, "sea")	mare "sea" Belarusian: мо́ра (móra) Breton: mor Bulgarian: море́ (moré) Catalan: mar Czech: moře Estonian: meri Finnish: meri French: mer Galician: mar German: Meer Irish: muir Italian: mare Latin: mare Livonian: mer, mier Russian: мо́ре (móre) Serbo-Croatian: море (more) Slovak: more Slovene: morje Ukrainian: мо́ре (móre)
물레 (mulle) mill, spinning wheel
바다 (bada) sea cf. Latin mare etc. See also: #물 (mul, "water")	sea [39] Danish: sø, hav Dutch: zee German: See, Meer Norwegian: sjø, hav Swedish: sjö, hav
반달족 (bandal-jok) Vandal
#방죽 (bangjuk) 防築 [40] dyke cf. German Deich pond cf. German Teich See also: #담 (dam) cf. dam #둑 (duk) cf. dyke #벽 (byeok)
벽 (byeok) 壁 wall See also: 성벽 (城壁, seong-byeok, "defensive wall") #담 (dam) cf. dam #둑 (duk) cf. dyke #방죽 (bangjuk)	wall Danish: væg Icelandic: veggur Korean: 벽 (byeok) Norway: vegg Swedish: vägg
보풀 (bopul) fluff, fuzz, nap cf. Latin populus	people Latin: populus Manx: pobble Welsh: pobl poplar Latin: pōpulus Danish: poppel Dutch: populier Estonian: pappel Finnish: poppeli French: peuplier German: Pappel Italian: pioppo Manx: pobbyl Norwegian: poppel Swedish: poppel
복 (bok) 腹 belly [41]	belly Catalan: buc Danish: bug Dutch: buik English: bouk German: Bauch Irish: bolg Korean: 복(腹) (bok) Norwegian: buk Swedish: buk
불 (bul) fire cf. pyre	fire Ancient Greek: πῦρ (pûr) Old English: fȳr Danish: fyr Dutch: vuur German Feuer pyre Greek: πυρά (purá) Italian: pira Latin: pyra Portuguese: pira Spanish: pira See also Old English bæl Old Norse: bál Danish: bål (“pyre”) Icelandic: bál Norwegian: bål Swedish: bål (“pyre”)
사랑 (sarang) reception hall, salon	Belarusian: сало́н (salón), зал (zal) Bulgarian: сало́н (salón), за́ла (zála) Chinese: 大廳 (dàtīng) [42] Dutch: zaal English: salon, sala French: salon, salle German: Salon, Saal Finnish: salonki Hungarian: szalon Italian: salone, sala Korean: 사랑 (sarang) Norwegian: sal Portuguese: salão Russian: сало́н (salón), зал (zal) Spanish: salón, sala Swedish: salong, sal
술 (sul) liquor cf. sour
시울 (siul) edge as of eyes and lips cf. shawl
아들 (adeul) son
오름 (oreum) mount (Jeju)
왕게 (wang-ge) 王게 king crab, literally and actually	w: en: King crab - since circa 2004 w: da: Troldkrabbe w: de: Stein-_und_Königskrabben w: fi: Kiviravut w: fr: Lithodidae w: hu: Lithodidae w: is: N/A [43] w: ja: タラバガニ科 w: ko: 왕게과 - since 2020 w: nl: Lithodidae [44] w: no: Trollkreps w: sv: Trollkrabbor w: zh: 石蟹科 Wiktionary Three entries Chinese: 皇帝蟹 (huángdìxiè) Finnish: kuningasrapu Navajo: chʼoshtsoh bikágí diwozhí	w: en: Red_king_crab - since 2020 [45] w: da: N/A w: de: Königskrabbe w: fi: Kuningasrapu w: fr: Crabe_royal_du_Kamtchatka w: hu: Királyrák w: is: Rauði kóngakrabbi w: ja: タラバガニ w: ko: 왕게 - since 2016 w: nl: Rode_koningskrab w: no: Kongekrabbe w: sv: Kungskrabba w: zn: 堪察加擬石蟹 Wiktionary No entry
잉걸 (inggeol) ablazing charcoal [46] cf. ingle "open fireplace"
자벌레 (ja-beolle) measuring worm inchworm spanworm geometrid Geometridae	Wiktionary Chinese: 尺蠖 (chǐhuò) Finnish: mittarimato Japanese: 尺蠖 (shakkaku) Korean: 자벌레 (jabeolle) Wikipedia w: ko: 자나방 w: ja: シャクガ科 w: zh: 尺蛾科 w: da: Målere w: de: Spanner_(Schmetterling) w: fi: Mittarit w: nl: Spanners w: no: Målere w: sv: Mätare w: es: Geometridae w: fr: Geometridae w: it: Geometridae w: la: Geometridae w: pt: Geometridae
지렁이 (jireong-i) [48] earth worm [49] rainworm [50] [51]	earthworm [地龍] Dutch: aardworm French: ver de terre German: Erdwurm Korean: 지렁이 (jireong'i) rainworm [雨龍] Old English: reġnwyrm Danish: regnorm Dutch: regenworm German: Regenwurm
치우 (chiu) 蚩尤 Chiyou cf. Tuesday
텽집 (tyeongjip) 廳집 > *청집 government house cf. Norse tinghus "courthouse"
풀무 (pulmu) bellows,[52] cf. Latin pulmo "lung" See also: belly [53]	bellows [54] Danish: blæsebælg Dutch: blaasbalg English: bellows cf. belly German: Blasebalg Norwegian: blåsebelg lung French: poumon Friulian: palmon Galician: pulmón Italian: polmone Latin: pulmo Occitan: palmon Portuguese: pulmão Spanish: pulmón
해자 (haeja) 垓子/垓字 moat, fosse, cf. Dutch haag "enclosure" boundary, edge, cf. hedge See also #못 (mot, "pond; fosse")
햇귀엣골 (haetqwietgol) halo, cf. wheel	wheel Old English: hwēol, hweogol Dutch: wiel Danish: hjul Icelandic: hjól Norwegian: hjul Swedish: hjul
( )

Footnotes

1. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=덕
2. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/덕
3. ↑ (Scotland, Northern England, obsolete) might, strength
4. ↑ English infinitive prefix "to" replaced the suffixes of Middle English gon and Old English gān, which are equivalent to Dutch "-an", German "-en", and Korean "-다". What a revolution!
5. ↑ The infinitive-marker "at" (infinitive-marker, obligatory when the infinitive functions as noun phrase or an adverbial phrase, but omitted when it is governed by a modal verb)
6. ↑ "6. A narrow passage of water"
7. ↑ You may be very unhappy with this vital idium, which has no Translations.
8. ↑ What a coincidence it is that all wear glasses!
9. ↑ Borrowed from English dam
10. ↑ 덕 (德, deok)과 통용
11. ↑

    dike @ Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary

    1. an artufucial watercourse : DITCH

    2. a: (dial Brit) a wall or fence of turf or stone

       b: a bank usu. of earth constructed to control or confine water : LEVEE

       c: a barrier preventing passage esp. of something undirable

    3. a: a raised courseway

       b: a tabular body of igneous rock that has been injected while molten into a fissure

12. ↑

    dyke @ Wiktionary

    1. (historical) A long, narrow hollow dug from the ground to serve as a boundary marker.
    2. A long, narrow hollow dug from the ground to conduct water.
    3. (dialect) Any navigable watercourse.
    4. (dialect) Any watercourse.
    5. (dialect) Any small body of water.
    6. (obsolete) Any hollow dug into the ground.
    7. (now chiefly Australia, slang) A place to urinate and defecate: an outhouse or lavatory.
    8. An embankment formed by the creation of a ditch.
    9. (obsolete) A city wall.
    10. (now chiefly Scotland) A low embankment or stone wall serving as an enclosure and boundary marker.
    11. (dialect) Any fence or hedge.
    12. An earthwork raised to prevent inundation of low land by the sea or flooding rivers.
    13. (figuratively) Any impediment, barrier, or difficulty.
    14. A beaver's dam.
    15. (dialect) A jetty; a pier.
    16. A raised causeway.
    17. (dialect, mining) A fissure in a rock stratum filled with intrusive rock; a fault.
    18. (geology) A body of rock (usually igneous) originally filling a fissure but now often rising above the older stratum as it is eroded away.
13. ↑

    ditch @ Wiktionary

    1. A trench; a long, shallow indentation, as for irrigation or drainage.
    2. (Ireland) A raised bank of earth and the hedgerow on top.

    Translations "trench"

    • Icelandic: díki
    • Scottish Gaelic: dìg
    • Swedish: dike
14. ↑

    Ditch @ Wikipedia

    A ditch is a small to moderate divot created to channel water. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. [...]

    Etymology

    In Anglo-Saxon, the word dïc already existed and was pronounced "deek" in northern England and "deetch" in the south. The origins of the word lie in digging a trench and forming the upcast soil into a bank alongside it. This practice has meant that the name dïc was given to either the excavation or the bank, and evolved to both the words "dike"/"dyke" and "ditch".

    Thus Offa's Dyke is a combined structure and Car Dyke is a trench, though it once had raised banks as well. [...]

15. ↑ Both are confused.
16. ↑ Few cognates
17. ↑ "The generally accepted theory of the earthwork attributes most of its construction to Offa, King of Mercia from 757 to 796."
18. ↑
    1. 진 둔

    fort, fortress, hillfort

    1. 언덕 둔

    hill

19. ↑ Etymology reads "The term comes from Irish dún or Scottish Gaelic dùn (meaning "fort"), and is cognate with Old Welsh din (whence Welsh dinas "city" comes)." Then, Whence did English borrowed wikt: dun#Etymology 7 "A mound or small hill" and wikt: dune?
20. ↑

    Wikipedia

    • w: ca: Dun_(topònim)
    • w: de: Dun
    • w: es: Dun_(toponimia)
    • w: fr: Dun_(toponime)
    • w: it: Dun (archeologia)
    • w: ko: 둔 (건축물)
    • w: nl: Dun_(fort)
    • w: no: Dun_(bykkverk)
    • w: pt: Dun

    Comments

    • Relevant Korean editors seem to acknowledge Sino-Korean 둔(屯, dun), as English dun sounds IPA: /dʌn/.
    • All the other (Western) languages may temporarily borrow English dun, which has few or no cognates.
21. ↑ The name means "strong fort"
22. ↑
    • 눈두덩 (nun-) "eyelid"
    • 씹두덩 (ssip-) "mons veneris, mons pubis"
23. ↑ ... Old English māl (“speech, contract, agreement, lawsuit, terms, bargaining”), from Old Norse mál (“agreement, speech, lawsuit”); related to Old English mæðel (“meeting, council”), mæl (“speech”) ...
24. ↑ by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1563)
25. ↑ According to the story, a united human race in the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating eastward, comes to the land of Shinar. There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing their city and tower, confounds their speech so that they can no longer understand each other, and scatters them around the world.
26. ↑ Cognates appear in almost all European languages.
27. ↑ Man o' War won 20 of 21 races.
28. ↑ This should be: ウマビル (umabiru).
29. ↑ Uniquely related to "water buffalo" rather than "horse"
30. ↑ ... meaning "gravel pile" ...
31. ↑ Etymology: Probably a calque of Chinese 馬蜂 (mǎfēng).
32. ↑ cf. Pferdeameise ("horse ant"), Pferdebremse ("horse fly"), Pferdeegel ("horse leech"), Pferdefliege ("horse fly").
33. ↑
    1. 물이 밀려들어 오는 것을 막기 위하여 쌓은 둑 (dyke) cf. German Deich
    2. 파거나, 둑으로 둘러막은 못 (pond) cf. German Teich
34. ↑ This has no European cognate. And Etymology is strange. Therefore, it looks like a borrowing from Korean 못 (mot, "pond").
35. ↑

    Etymology

    From Middle English mote, from Old French mote (“mound, embankment”); compare also Old French motte (“hillock, lump, clod, turf”), from Medieval Latin mota (“a mound, hill”), of Germanic origin, ...

36. ↑ Not attested
37. ↑ Not attested
38. ↑ w: Motte-and-bailey castle
39. ↑

    Etymology

    compare Latin saevus (“wild, fierce”) cf. Korean 세다 (se-da) "fierce"

40. ↑
    1. 물이 밀려들어 오는 것을 막기 위하여 쌓은 둑. (dyke)
    2. 파거나, 둑으로 둘러막은 못. (pond)
    European confusions of solid structure and liquid body
    • English: dam
    • Danish: dam
    • Norwegian: dam
    • Swedish: damm
    • German: Deich, Teich
    • Estonian: tiik
    • Latvian: dīķis
41. ↑

    Etymology

    Old English belg, bælg, bæliġ (“bag, pouch, bulge”), [...] Cognate with Dutch balg, German Balg, Danish bælg. Doublet of bellows, blague, bulge and budge. See also bellows.

42. ↑ cf. #텽집 (廳집 tyeong-jip)
43. ↑ Some readers may miss w: is: Kóngakrabbi.
44. ↑ Some readers may prefer the common nomenclature w: nl: Koningskrab to this sophistication.
45. ↑ "This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as Reflinks (documentation), reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022)"
46. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/잉걸
    1. blaze, flare, glare, ingle (as of charcoal, etc.)
47. ↑ Namely, Binchōtan
48. ↑ Corruption of 지룡(地龍), lit. "earth dragon"
49. ↑ Old English wyrm "worm; snake; dragon" hence "earth dragon"
50. ↑ cf. 우룡(雨龍), lit. "rain dragon"
51. ↑ 雨龍・螭龍 (あまりょう)

    精選版 日本国語大辞典の解説

    1. 中国における想像上の動物。雨を起こすといわれる。龍の一種で、とかげに似ているが、大形で、角がなく、尾は細く、全身青黄色という。うりょう。あまりゅう。みずち。
52. ↑ 3. (informal or archaic) The lungs.
53. ↑ The idea of "bellows" is related to "belly" in Germanic and more properly to "lung" in Latin.
54. ↑ bellows#Etymology 1

    See also belly

Compounds

• 뜻하다 (-hada, "to intend, mean, signify")
• 뜻맞다 (-majda, "to agree; to be of a mind")
• 뜻대로 (-daero, "at will, in one's own way"
• 뜻밖 (-bakk, "surprise, accidence")

Relatives

• 말 (mal, "speech, language")
• 말씀 (mal-sseum, honorific "speech, language")
• 말뜻 (mal-tteut, "linguistic meaning") ^[3]
• 띠앗 (ttiat, "brotherhood, fraternity, friendliness") cf. theodism

Inventions

• 덕의지 (德意志, deog-uiji) (Chinese)
• 독일 (獨逸, dog-il) (Japanese)
• 도이치 (道理致, 導理致, doichi) (new Korean)

Comparatives

Compounds

• 노래방 (-bang, "karaoke" literally "singing room" popular in South Korea)
• 노랫말 (-mal, "lyrics")

Comparatives

• Lorelei #English

  Etymology

  Borrowed from German Lorelei (“siren of Rhine”), not used as a given name in Germany. ^{[9] [10]}

• Lorelei § Etymology

  The name comes from the old German words lureln, Rhine dialect for 'murmuring', and the Celtic term ley "rock". The translation of the name would therefore be: 'murmur rock' or 'murmuring rock'. [...] Other theories attribute the name to the many boating accidents on the rock, by combining the German verb lauern ('to lurk, lie in wait') with the same "ley" ending, with the translation "lurking rock".

• Siren § Appearance

  The first-century Roman historian Pliny the Elder discounted Sirens as a pure fable, [...] In his notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci wrote, "The siren sings so sweetly that she lulls the mariners to sleep; then she climbs upon the ships and kills the sleeping mariners."

• Siren § Christian belief and modern reception

  By the fourth century, when pagan beliefs were overtaken by Christianity, the belief in literal sirens was discouraged. [...]

  The early Christian euhemerist interpretation of mythologized human beings received a long-lasting boost from Isidore's Etymologiae:

  [The Greeks] imagine that "there were three Sirens, part virgins, part birds," with wings and claws. "One of them sang, another played the flute, the third the lyre. They drew sailors, decoyed by song, to shipwreck. According to the truth, however, they were prostitutes who led travelers down to poverty and were said to impose shipwreck on them." They had wings and claws because Love flies and wounds. [...]

• Mermaid § Origins

  The sirens of Greek mythology (especially the Odyssey), conceived of as half-bird and half-woman, gradually shifted to the image of a fish-tailed woman. [...]

  Some attributes of Homer's sirens, such as the enticement of men and their beautiful song, also became attached to the mermaid.

• Angel § Interaction
  • In Luke 22:43 an angel comforts Jesus Christ during the Agony in the Garden.
  • Pope John Paul II emphasized the role of angels in Catholic teachings in his 1986 address titled "Angels Participate In History Of Salvation", in which he suggested that modern mentality should come to see the importance of angels.
  • According to the Vatican's Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, "The practice of assigning names to the Holy Angels should be discouraged, except in the cases of Gabriel, Raphael and Michael whose names are contained in Holy Scripture."
• Angel § Islam

  In Islam, just like in Judaism and Christianity, angels are often represented in anthropomorphic forms combined with supernatural images, such as wings, being of great size or wearing heavenly articles. The Quran describes them as "messengers with wings -- two, or three, or four (pairs): He [God] adds to Creation as He pleases..." Common characteristics for angels are their missing needs for bodily desires, such as eating and drinking. Their lack of affinity to material desires is also expressed by their creation from light: Angels of mercy are created from nur (cold light) in opposition to the angels of punishment created from nar (hot light). ^[11]

Compounds

(Related to the wide wilderness, or dale rather than vale)

• 들꽃 (-kkoch, "wild flower")
• 들국화 (-gughwa, "wild chrysanthemum")
• 들장미 (jangmi, "wild rose")
• 들쥐 (-jwi, "wild rat")
• 들짐승 (deul-jimseung, "wild, feral animal" like a deer ^[15])

Synomyms

• 벌 (beol, "vale, valley")
• 골짜기 (goljjagi, "valley")
• 스텝 (seuteb, "steppe")
• 와디 (wadi, "wadi") ^[16]

Comparatives

¶ Wide steppe vs. narrow wadi

Bashkir: дала (dala)
Kazakh: дала (dala)
Kyrgyz: талаа (talaa)
Mongolian: тал (tal)
Tatar: дала (dala) 
& 
Georgian: ველი (veli)
  
 
  

Catalan: uadi
Czech: vádí 
Dutch: wadi 
English: wadi
<!-- German: Wadi -->
Finnish: vadi 
French: oued 
Hungarian: vádi
Italian: uadi
Polish: ued 

¶ valley meaning "an elongated depression between hills or mountains, often with a river flowing through it."

Azerbaijani: dərə / vadi
Belarusian: далі́на (dalína)
Bulgarian: доли́на (dolína)
Czech: dolina 
Danish: dal 
Dutch: dal / vallei
English: dale / valley, vale
Faroese: dalur 
German: Tal 
* Pennsylvania German: Daal / Waelli
Gothic: 𐌳𐌰𐌻 (dal)
Hunsrik: Daal 
Icelandic: dalur 
Kurdish: دۆڵ‎ (doll)
* Northern Kurdish: dehl 
Luxembourgish: Dall 
Macedonian: долина (dolina)
Mongolian: тал (tal) 
Norwegian: dal 
Old Church Slavonic: долъ (dolŭ)
Old Norse: dalr
Pashto: دره‎ (dará)
Persian: دره‎ (darre) / وادی‎ (vâdi)
Polish: dolina 
Russian: доли́на (dolína)
Serbo-Croatian: долина (dolina) 
Slovak: dolina 
Slovene: dolína 
Upper Sorbian: doł 
Swedish: dal 
Tajik: дара (dara) / водӣ (vodī) 
Turkmen: dere
Ukrainian: доли́на (dolýna)
West Frisian: dal 
Yiddish: טאָל‎ (tol)

Aromanian: vale 
Asturian: valle 
Azerbaijani: vadi / dərə 
Catalan: vall 
Dutch: vallei / dal
English: valley, vale / dale 
French: vallée, val
Friulian: val 
Galician: val 
Hindi: वादी (vādī)
Hungarian: völgy
Italian: valle 
Latin: valles, vallis 
Norman: vallée 
Novial: vale
Occitan: val 
Old French: valee 
Pennsylvania German: Waelli / Daal 
Persian: وادی‎ (vâdi) / دره‎ (darre)
Portuguese: vale 
Romanian: vale 
Romansch: val 
Sardinian: badde, baddi, vadde
Sicilian: vaddi, valli
Spanish: valle
Tajik: водӣ (vodī) / дара (dara)
Turkish: vadi 
Urdu: وادی‎ (vādī)
Uyghur: ۋادى‎ (wadi)
Uzbek: vodiy 
Venetian: val, vałe
 
  
 
  

Synonyms

• 용 (龍, yong, North Korean ryong, Chinese long cf. English long) ^[20]

Compounds

• 미리내 (miri-nae, "Milky Way,"^[21] literally "Dragon River")

Relatives

• 물 (mul, "water, body of water, esp. river")

Comparatives

(The mysterious Eurasian uses)

• mirus #Latin "marvelous, wonderful, amazing, awesome"
• miror #Latin "to admire, wonder at"
• mirer #French "to watch, stare"
• mirage #French "mirage"
• miroir #French "mirror"
• admirer #French "to admire"
• amiral #French "admiral" ^[22]
• emir #French "emir" ^[23]
• मीर (mir) # Hindi "(historical) Mir: title used by Muslim rulers of princely states" ^[24]
• मीर (mira) # Sanskrit "sea, ocean"
• कश्मीर (kashmir) # Hindi : See Etymology through!

From Wikipedia

• Amir al-Mu'minin (...) is an Arabic title that is usually translated "Commander of the Faithful" or "Leader of the Faithful".
• The Gur-e-Amīr or Guri Amir (...‎) is a mausoleum of the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (also known as Tamerlane) in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. [...] Gur-e Amir is Persian for "Tomb of the King".
• Mir Osman Ali Khan, ..., was the last Nizam (ruler) of the Princely State of Hyderabad, the largest princely state in British India.
• Kashmir would be derived from either kashyapa-mir (Kashyapa's Lake) or kashyapa-meru (Kashyapa's Mountain).

• 
  Suleiman the Magnificent, Padishah of the Ottoman Empire. ^[25]
• 
  Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shahanshah of Iran from 1941 to 1979 ^[26]
• 
  Mao Zedong
• 
  Deng Xiaoping
• 
  Kim Jong-un

Comparatives

Toward the etymology of 구름 (gureum, "cloud")

• roll ^[33]
  • A heavy, reverberatory sound. ^[34]
    • There was a roll of thunder and the rain began to pour down. ^[35]
• rollen #German ^[36]
  1. to roll
  2. to thunder ^[37]
• grollen #German ^[38]
  1. to rumble, grumble, growl
  2. to roll, thunder
• grumeln #German (frequentative) ^[39]
  1. to grumble (make a low sound, as of a discontent person, an empty stomach, a distant thunderstorm)

See also

• 구르다 (gureuda, "to roll" cf. German grollen)
• 우르렁 (ureureong, "grumbling" as of thunder)
• 으르렁 (eureureong, "growling" as of lions )
• 그르렁 (geureureong "gurgling" as of cats )

Synonyms

Compounds

• 돈벼락 (don-, "blessing with money") ^[49]
• 벼락부자 (-buja, "an overnight millionaire")

Relatives

• 벼랑 (byeorang, "precipice")
• 벼룩 (byeorug, "flea")

Comparatives

See also

• 구름 (gureum, "cloud") as the phenomenal source of 벼락 "thunderbolt"
• 구르다 (gureuda, "to roll") as the onomatopoeic source of 구름 "cloud"

Synonyms

• 큰물 (keunmul)
• 홍수 (hongsu)

Comparatives

• Hammurabi, maybe a compound of 한물 (hanmul, "flood") + 아비 (abi, "father").

Synonyms

• 바다 (bada, "sea, mere")
• 호수 (hosu, "lake, mere")
• 못 (mot, "moat, pond")
• 시내 (sinae, "brook")
• 내 (nae, "river")
• 강 (gang, "river")

Antonyms

• 불 (bul, "fire" cf. Dutch vuur)
• 불바다 (bul-bada, lit. "fire sea" cf. Dutch vuurzee)

Compounds

• 물바다 (-bada, "flood" lit. "water sea" or "sea of water")
• 바닷물 (badat-, "sea water")
• 호수물 (hosu-, "lake water")
• 시냇물 (sinaet-, "brook water")
• 강물 (gang-, "river water")
• 눈물 (nun-, "tears")
• 콧물 (kot-, "snot, snuff, snival, drivel, nose dripping, nose runnings")
• 큰물 (keun-, "flood")
• 한물 (han-, "flood")

Relatives

• 묽다 (mulgda, "to be watery")
• 무르다 (mureuda, "to be soft, tender, flabby") ^[58]
• 마르다 (mareuda, "to dry")
• 미르 (mireu, "dragon")
• 미리내 (miri-nae, "Milky Way" lit. "dragon river")

Maxims

• 관해난수 (觀海難水, gwanhaenansu)

  To see the sea makes it hard to talk about water.

  The more I see the sea, the harder I say water.

Comparatives

Antonyms

• 물 (mul, "water, body of water")

Comparatives

Adapted from wikt: fire #Translations & #Etymology

See also

• 불다 (bulda, "to blow")

Relatives

• 불 (bul, "fire")
• 풀무 (pulmu, "bellows")
• 바람 (baram, "wind")

Comparatives

Relatives

Comparatives

• Latin pulmo ("lung")
• Latin follis ("bellows")
• Latin bulga ("leather bag, knapsack, purse, wallet, womb")
• Dutch balg ("leather bag, bellows, belly, body!")
• English bulge
• English belly
• English bellows
• English blower
• English blow

Korean/Words/불룩

Comparatives

• flag #English and Germanic and Slavic translations

• fly #English and Germanic translations

• flock #English, ^[75] etc.

• folk #English, etc.

• bird #English, and Germanic translations

See also

• 보풀 (bopul, "fluff")

Relatives

• 포플러 (popeulleo) from poplar
• 포퓰러 (popyulleo) from popular
• 포플린 (popullin) from poplin
• 뽀뿌링 (ppoppuring) likely from Japanese pronunciation

Comparatives

Uses

• 보풀이 펄럭이다

  bopul-i peolleok-ida

  Fluffs are fluffing.

See also

• 부풀다 (bupul-da, "to swell")
• 펄럭 (peolleok, "flapping, fluttering")

Synonyms

• 붓다 (bus-da, "to swell")

Relatives

• 보풀 (bopul, "fluff, nap")

Comparatives

See also

• 보풀 (bopul, "fluff, nap")

Doublets

• 말갛다 (malgah-da, "to be highly clear, clean, fresh") ^[87]
• 묽다 (mulg-da, "to be dilute, watery, of thin solution")

Relatives

• 물 (mul, "water")

Comparatives

See also

• 밝다 (balg-da, "to be bright, to dawn")
• 이울다 (iul-da, "to wane, wither, fade")

Attributives

• 이운 (iun)
• ㅇㅣᄫㅡㄴ (iveun) obsolete

Synonyms

• 시들다 (sideul-da, "(for flowers, leaves) to wane, wither")
• 저물다 (jeomul-da, "(for the sun) to set, (for it) to grow dark")

Antonyms

• 밝아지다 (balg-ajida, "to get brighter")
• 맑아지다 (malg-ajida, "to get clearer, fresher") cf. German Morgen "morning"

Comparatives

See also

• 맑다 (malg-da, "to be clear, fresh") ^[97]
• 밝다 (balg-da, "to be bright, (for the day or it) to dawn")
• 밝쥐 (balg-jwi, "bat" lit. "bright-eyed rat")
• 명일 (明日, meong-il, "tomorrow" ^[98])

1. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=뜻
2. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/뜻
3. ↑ Linguistics centers around this abstract concept, namely, semantics.
4. ↑ which may literally mean "singing rock" rather than "murmuring rock".
5. ↑ In 1824, Heinrich Heine wrote one of his most famous poems, "Die Lorelei". It describes the eponymous female as a sort of siren who, sitting on the cliff above the Rhine and combing her golden hair, unwittingly distracted shipmen with her beauty and song, causing them to crash on the rocks. In 1837, Friedrich Silcher set this lyrics to music, when the Nazy Germany was rising and Jewish Heine was falling.
6. ↑ The Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane was an event in the life of Jesus from the New Testament, between the Farewell Discourse at the conclusion of the Last Supper and Jesus' arrest.
7. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=노래
8. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/노래
9. ↑ Yet there is no wikt: Lorelei #German since 2016!
10. ↑ This etymology would not see Lorelei as a compound of lore "murmuring" and lei "rock" but as a German equivalent or Rhenish kind of Siren, hence no sense of either "murmuring" or "singing".
11. ↑ cf. Korean 노을 (no-eul, "evening light") and 날 (nal, "daylight")
12. ↑ "A valley, especially in the form of a natural hollow, small and deep."
13. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=들
14. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/들
15. ↑ Indeed, the deer is representative of the feral rather than general animals.
16. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=와디

    건조 지역에서, 평소에는 마른 골짜기이다가 큰비가 내리면 홍수가 되어 물이 흐르는 강.

17. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=미르
18. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/미르
19. ↑ Hence, suggestive of the river as a long body of water.
20. ↑

    龍

    1. 용(龍: 상상의 동물) dragon, the imaginary creature.
    2. 임금, 천자(天子) king, the son of the heaven
    3. ...
21. ↑ late 14c. loan-translation of Latin Via lactea
22. ↑

    Etymology

    From Old French amirail, amiral, from Arabic أَمِير اَلْبَحْر‎ (ʾamīr al-baḥr, “commander of the fleet”).

23. ↑

    emir

    • a prince, commander or other leader or ruler in an Islamic nation.
    • a descendant of the prophet Muhammad.

    Etymology

    From Old French emir, from Arabic أَمِير‎ (ʾamīr, “commander, prince”). Akin to amir, Amir and admiral. Doublet of amira.

    Derived terms

    • emirate
24. ↑

    Etymology

    Borrowed from Persian میر‎ (mir), from Arabic أَمِير‎ (ʾamīr). Doublet of wikt: अमीर (amīr).

25. ↑ Portrait attributed to Titian (circa 1530)
26. ↑ The last ruler to hold the title of shah
27. ↑ You miss a thundercrack here.
28. ↑ performed by the U.S. Navy Band
29. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=구름
30. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/구름
31. ↑ Onomatopoeia
32. ↑ Onomatopoeia reduplicative
33. ↑

    roll (v.)

    "Of sounds (such as thunder) somehow suggestive of a rolling ball, 1590s; of a drum from 1680s."

34. ↑ frequentative
35. ↑ The "roll" is what 구르다 is in itself.
36. ↑ Cognates include Dutch rollen, English roll, etc.
37. ↑ Der Donner rollt, oder, grollt.
38. ↑ Cognates include Dutch grollen, English growl, etc.
39. ↑ Cognates include Dutch gromelen, French grommeler, English grumble, etc.
40. ↑ You miss a thundercrack here.
41. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=벼락
42. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/벼락
43. ↑ The Korean order is also thunder followed by lightning as "천둥번개". But the natural order is lightening followed by thunder, of course.
44. ↑ (mimic) cf. 번쩍
45. ↑ (onomatopoeic) See also
    • 우르렁 (ureureong, "thundering sound") cf. 으르렁 (eureureong, "deep roaring sound as of the lion")
    • 구름 (gureum, "cloud" as the source of lightning and thunder) cf. 구르다 (gureuda, "to roll")
46. ↑ 번개우레 is proposed to replace 천둥번개. However, 벼락 is everything anyway!
47. ↑ 천둥과 번개를 동반하는 대기 중의 방전 현상.
48. ↑ 천둥과 번개를 동반한 비.
49. ↑ 갑자기 한꺼번에 생긴 많은 돈을 비유적으로 이르는 말.
50. ↑

    Etymology

    Barak ברק means lightning in Hebrew. Barcas, the surname of the famous Hamilcar Barca, is the Punic equivalent of the name.

51. ↑ which killed around 140,000 people.
52. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=한물
53. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/한물
54. ↑ Etymology
    • (Etymonline) Old English sæ "sheet of water, sea, lake, pool," from Proto-Germanic *saiwa- (...), of unknown origin ...
    • (Wiktionary) probably ... from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey-wo- (“to be fierce, afflict”) (compare Latin saevus (“wild, fierce”) ... cf. Korean 세다 (se-da, "to be strong, powerful")
    • (This project) English sea and the like may not mean "sheet of water" (Etymonline) but "seat of water," hence cognate with See of Holy See, both derived from Latin sedes (“seat”) related to Latin verb sedere (“to sit”).
55. ↑ This largest division of the world ocean covers about 46% of Earth's water surface and about 32% of its total surface area, making it 3% larger than all of Earth's land area combined.
56. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=물
57. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/물
58. ↑ 표준국어사전
    1. 여리고 단단하지 않다.
    2. 물기가 많아서 단단하지 않다.
59. ↑ European cognates for "sea" is spread so wide.
60. ↑ A village on fire by Franciszek Kostrzews (1862) Paintings in the National Museum in Warsaw
61. ↑ Literally, it is fire!
62. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=불
63. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/불
64. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=불다
65. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/불다
66. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=풀무
67. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/풀무
68. ↑ Instead of the bellows, you may use your cheek and mouth as well as lungs to blow the fire.
69. ↑ (informal, archaic) the lungs
70. ↑ Antonym: 오목 (omog, "concave")
71. ↑ Antonym: 우묵 (umug, "concave")
72. ↑

    Accordion § Bellows

    The bellows is the most recognizable part of the instrument, and the primary means of articulation. The production of sound in an accordion is in direct proportion to the motion of the bellows by the player. In a sense, the role of the bellows can be compared to the role of moving a violin's bow on bowed strings. For a more direct analogy, the bellows can be compared to the role of breathing for a singer.

73. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=펄럭
74. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/펄럭
75. ↑ Note: flock #Etymology 2 ("tufts of wool or cotton")
76. ↑ Now fowl replaced by bird since 14th c.
77. ↑ Compare with poultry, i.e., "domestic fowl (e.g. chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese) raised for food (either meat or eggs)." Then what is the fowl in itself?
78. ↑ bridd, brid "young bird, chick" > bird
79. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=보풀
80. ↑ Korean 보풀 (bopul) itself is a reduplication; it is even doubled as 보풀보풀 (bopul-bopul).
81. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/보풀
82. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=부풀다
83. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/부풀다
84. ↑ w: Princess Margaret (disambiguation)
85. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=맑다
86. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/맑다
87. ↑ 산뜻하게 (기분이나 느낌이 깨끗하고 시원하게) 맑다.
88. ↑ While quite exceptional, morning and evening are enough to let know that both stem from verbs. Mostly, such is the case with the other Germanic.
89. ↑ From Latin margarīta, from Ancient Greek μαργαρίτης (margarítēs), from a loanword of Eastern origin.
90. ↑ From Greek, to Italian margarita
91. ↑ While being "of unknown origin," this has overcast Europe.
92. ↑ The ideas of "sunset" and "evening" overlap, as the former is implied in the latter (verbal).
93. ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=이울다
94. ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/이울다
95. ↑ cf. morning, (to)morrow
96. ↑ Morgen, morgen
97. ↑ cf. German Morgenfrisch lit. "morning fresh"
98. ↑ Literally, "bright day; next day"