The Western Xia (西夏 Xī Xià in Chinese), also known as the Tangut Empire, was an ancient empire in what is now western China.

The Western Xia existed as an empire from 1038 to 1227 in what is today north western China, in the provinces that are now Ningxia and Gansu.

Their empire was completely destroyed by the Mongol Empire, after infuriating Genghis Khan for not aiding his military campaign against the Khwarezmia in the Middle East. The destruction was violent and absolute, and was considered an early successful example of ethnocide. There were however Tangut communities around China recorded for many centuries afterwards.

The Tangut culture was notable for its military and literary achievements, as well as its incredibly difficult writing script. Whilst looking superficially similar to traditional Chinese script it is in fact a completely different system and not mutually intelligible.

Traveling to see Tangut history is challenging, given that the Mongols were very successful in annihilating this empire and the remaining ruins and literature are few and far between. Their remaining descendants are unfortunately no longer identifiable as Tangut, having been dispersed widely and absorbed into other Chinese, Tibetan and perhaps even Indian ethnic groups.

The Tangut language is extinct, and the most closely-related extant language is the Northern Qiang language spoken by the Qiang people in Sichuan Province.

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Map of Western Xia

• 40.1594.66671 Dunhuang has many Buddhist grottos that preserve artwork from the Tanguts
• 41.76101.152 Khara-Khoto is a deserted Tangut fortress town mentioned in Marco Polo's Travels
• 38.435105.98723 Xixia Wangling National Park has a collection of royal tombs from the Western Xia era
• 38.466106.2664 Yinchuan is the former capital of the Western Xia. Ningxia Museum has a number of artefacts from the era.
• 38.933100.455 Zhangye (known as Ganzhou) was an important Western Xia city that mostly escaped destruction by the Mongols
• The 40.05995.9366 Yulin Caves in Guazhou contain Buddhist temples with significant art work from the Western Xia and other Chinese kingdoms
• The resulting diaspora of the Western Xia can be seen in the eastern Chinese city of 38.85115.4837 Baoding , that has interesting dharani pillars written in Tangut by a senior official of Tangut origin in the 16th century (300 years after the destruction of the Tangut empire)
• The Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass in 40.289116.0688 Beijing's Changping district has many different scripts, including Tangut
• 37.92308102.6425639 Wuwei Xixia Museum (武威西夏博物馆, Xixia Museum of Wuwei) (Wuwei, Gansu Province). One of only two museums in China exclusively dedicated to displaying artifacts from the empire of the Western Xia (the other one being the one at Xixia Wangling National Park). (updated Mar 2024)

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