See also: Hiking, Long distance walking in Europe

Walking is the cheapest but slowest mode of transportation. If you are an experienced walker, can carry the stuff you need and have several weeks or months for your travels, you can cover quite long distances by foot only.

Carrying what you need for weeks will force your using a minimalist approach. Be prepared to get many of the things you need along the way. A good backpack, or a cart or stroller, is your friend. One that looks rugged is better than one that looks expensive, but do not compromise on a good fit.

See also: Tour cycling, Urban cycling

Except walking, cycling is usually the cheapest mode of transportation. It has the same advantage of experiencing the areas where you ride – unless you just hurry through.

Subsidized bike-share systems can be found in some cities in Europe (and, increasingly, in the Americas too), and is usually cheaper than public transit; with average speed about the same. In some cities – particularly in the Netherlands and Denmark – a bike is the fastest way to get around.

For intercity travel away from home, consider buying a simple or used bicycle (in a thrift store, a garage sale, etc.) to be donated, re-sold or discarded at the end of the trip. Check that it will not need major overhauls or repairs, or new parts, as those can easily cost more than the bike itself. Advanced bikes with delicate parts are more risky than simple and sturdy bikes, so prefer the latter unless you indeed need the speed.

If you have a canoe or can find a cheap sailing or rowing boat (sometimes available for scrap prices, but check they are seaworthy enough) those can be cheap ways to travel, e.g., down a river. Also check how to get rid of them afterwards.

If you lodge at a friend's or friend's friend's cottage you may be able to borrow one. Or perhaps you can borrow it without lodging there. Some friends might love to take you on a cruise with their yacht.

Hitchhiking, while faster than walking, is one of the least predictable modes of travel by its very nature. If you are lucky, you will be almost as fast as if you were driving yourself. If you are unlucky you will be mostly waiting or walking for days. A foldable bicycle may significantly increase your speeds for the times you are at the wrong place for getting rides.

An alternative is ride sharing. Typically, ride sharing passengers pay some token amount to defray the cost of the trip, but this may still be more economical than scheduled bus or train lines. There are websites where people post their travel details: where, when, what kind of car they have, how many spare seats, and how much they want you to pay them. It's not just a great way to cut travel costs, it can also be a great way to meet new people! In Germany, this kind of travel is called a "Mitfahrgelegenheit", in Portugal "boleia" and in France "covoiturage".

Public transport is usually a reasonably cheap way to get around in cities, especially with multi-use tickets. In some cities, and on some dates, it is free of charge.

Rail and bus networks may have discount tickets for a month's or several months' travel. You should also check what discounts you're eligible for.

Local transport is often considerably cheaper than express or long-distance transport. European cities often have overlapping public transit systems providing cheaper transport than inter-city buses or trains. In countries like Japan, local trains are cheaper if you have time on your hands and can manage the connections. However early bird fares (where they exist) for long-distance public transport such as trains can sometimes be the cheapest option available. This comes with the downside of limited flexibility (they may be limited to certain days or times of days) and often no possibility for a refund.

Sometimes, public transportation lines can be temporarily free due to exceptional circumstances, such as heavy air pollution. In Luxembourg, public transport and trains in 2nd class are free (unfortunately most other things are quite expensive there).

Some public transportation systems can be an attraction in their own right, at the price of a ticket; see Urban rail adventures.

Buses tend to be cheaper than car or train for most routes, and can be very cheap on some. The deregulation of Intercity buses in Europe has created a competitive market, with campaign prices at times. Mostly the key to low prices is booking early and shopping around. Cobbling together a connection between two different companies might be cheaper than buying the whole route from one operator, but naturally you are responsible for making the connection.

Shop around for bargains.

For long journeys, consider doing them overnight where possible. Taking a seat instead of a sleeper for an overnight journey is not very popular and thus seats are often steeply discounted. If you don't have problems sleeping there, you also save money on accommodation – but otherwise you might spoil your next day. See Bus travel for some advice on sleeping in a seat. Some railways only charge the sleeper surcharge once per unit of accommodation, thus enabling pairs or small families who share a cabin to get a sleeper at quite an affordable price.

In the United States, you can try a driveaway car service. These most often serve "snowbirds", seasonal travellers who want their vehicles brought south to them in the winter or back north in the spring. In this service, you pay a small fee to an agency to deliver a car to a business or individual in another city, often hundreds or thousands of miles away. The customer wins by reducing their shipping costs, and you win by having a car to drive for cheap – but likely only one way. You are often allowed a certain amount of flexibility in the route and delivery time, allowing you freedom to explore. This is also possible, although not very common, in Canada. HitTheRoad.ca is a Canada-based driveaway service.

The cost of taxicabs is typically dependent on local income; while expensive in high-income countries, they can be affordable in developing countries. Shared taxis and motorcycle taxi (tuk-tuk) are cheaper options.

See also: Flying on a budget

For distances of less than 1,000 km overland transport is usually much cheaper than flying. If you, however, do not have a boat for crossing that sea, the weeks to cover the distance by foot or the confidence to go by bike, flying may be necessary. Sometimes tickets can also be real bargains: empty seats give no money at all to the airline and sometimes cheap tickets are sold as advertisement for the route.

Even if you get a cheap ticket, you have the problem that the ticket does not include your bike, and transport from airports to somewhere where there is cheap accommodation, or where you can get that bike, is usually expensive. From some airports there is cheap public transport, but not from all. It is not uncommon to have expensive airport buses at the exit and ordinary local buses around the corner.

Economy-class tickets can differ by as much as a factor of 5, depending on booking time, flight time, and ticket class. Look for bargains. Budget airlines sometimes offer air tickets for very low prices; even legacy airlines have cheap offers at times. With a bit of luck you can fly even below the price of airport taxes and charges.

Still the price is not proportional to distance. You might save money in illogical moves such as flying hundreds of miles in the "wrong" direction to another airport with cheaper flights, or buying a two-leg ticket where you drop out from the second leg. The airlines have tried to crack down on some of those "tricks" while they generally don't care about some others.

If you are flexible with your origin and/or destination airport, look at air rail alliances, which allow you to for example fly into Frankfurt airport and take a train to Hamburg or the other way around for possibly much cheaper than the flight to the city would have been.

Budget airlines usually touch down in small airports, far from the nominal destination. Airport transfer might cost more than the flight itself. Consider options such as hitchhiking or ridesharing. Ryanair is famous for selling transport to/from its airports that is much more expensive than the same trip bought locally. Look up local connections before booking.

Camping is cheap, and it's often the closest accommodation to lots of natural attractions. This will mean burdening yourself with camping equipment. Also, many popular sites like national parks limit camping to particular spots and often have you pay for a site. This is still almost always cheaper than hostels, except in the most popular camping spots.

Wild camping is camping without using designated camping sites, on undeveloped land. This is allowed and common practice in some countries, e.g. Sweden, Norway and Finland (according to the Right to access principle), and also in Oman, and may be possible in many sparsely inhabited areas elsewhere. You should know how landowners are likely to react, and other possible issues, such as weather hazards, dangerous animals and pests, and e.g. whether water in the wild is safe to use.

You could sleep rough, that is sleep out of doors wherever you find a spot. This is difficult for three reasons: the first is that it will often get you in trouble with the police if you do it in urban areas (and with property owners anywhere); the second is that it makes you unusually vulnerable to crime, both theft and violence; and the third is cold or otherwise severe weather, or dangerous wildlife. There are few places where this is seen as an acceptable way to holiday (i.e. "sorry officer I'm on holidays" is unlikely to be believed). The real key to sleeping rough is to arrive late in the evening and pack up early in the morning. Also look for areas with rugged topography and thick vegetation that will interrupt the line of sight and ease concealment. Consider using a tent or hammock that blends well with area vegetation; green is best for most areas. In Japan you can participate in the nojuku tradition: there sleeping rough is a well established practice.

You could sleep in your car. Although also illegal in many areas, if you have a van style vehicle with limited rear windows, it is often easy to get away with.

The objective of hospitality exchange networks is to meet new, and local, people. It can be a great way to get a free place to stay the night, but besides that it's a fun and easy way to get acquainted with an area, city or culture. Active users of online hospitality exchange networks also tend to have broadband connections, which you can use while you are staying there. However, in some networks going by the name, you won't be staying with your hosts, and might never meet them.

Couchsurfing remains a very popular way for travellers to find free places to stay all over the world. Payment is not necessary or expected, but a kind gesture to your host, like a bottle of wine or a souvenir from your home country, is always greatly appreciated.

If you have friends in the area, they might welcome you for a night or two. With today's travel speeds you might very well have a dense enough network of friends to avoid other lodging most nights. You should be sensitive, though, not to abuse their hospitality. In general visiting friends and family has become an ever more popular reason for travel and there is no reason not to make the visits a mutual thing – them staying at your place and you at theirs. Just remember – after three days fish and guests start to stink.

If you do not have friends in the area, look for different networks with shared interests. If you know Esperanto, that might give you a bed and a new friend. Likewise for many other hobbies and interests: a fellow nature protectionist or a fellow boy scout may be glad to offer accommodation and spend some time with you. Communities living in abandoned facilities may be an option, but choose carefully to avoid dangerous places, trouble with authorities and groups with drug problems.

Religious communities might offer housing for those in need, without or at a token cost. This is particularly common in Buddhist countries, where anyone can call upon a monastery for a simple meal and a mat to sleep on. Ponder whether you are in need and consider giving a donation covering the costs you cause.

You can stay in hostels, guesthouses and bed and breakfasts, usually the cheapest types of commercial tourist accommodation. Many hostels offer cheap one- to four-person rooms, but the cheapest of all are dorms shared by up to twenty people: you'll usually be given a key to the room and left to choose a bunk bed. Dorms are a great way to meet fellow travellers. There are some international hostel associations, members of which get discounts at participating hostels. Linen is included in most regions, though not everywhere.

See also: Bus travel#Sleep, Sleeper trains, Ferries

If you have a long-distance train or bus pass, you can often sleep on a train or bus. Ferry passages of suitable length sometimes have affordable cabins (or other places where sleeping is possible) – sleep onboard instead of searching for accommodation when you arrive.

See also: At the airport

Travellers might find themselves spend lots of time at airports; especially when awaiting a budget flight. When sleeping in the public area at the airport, airside is usually safer and cleaner.

Sleepinginairports.net gives advice for different airports around the world.