Conformity

Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms. Norms are implicit, unsaid rules shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others and among society or social group. This tendency to conform occurs in small groups and/or society as a whole, and may result from subtle unconscious influences, or direct and overt social pressure.

• Resist the pressure to conform. Better be a lonely individualist than a contented conformist.
  • Larry Adler, as quoted in "Larry Adler, Political Exile Who Brought the Harmonica to Concert Stage, Dies at 87" by Richard Severo, The New York Times (August 8, 2001), p. A15

• The power of the culture industry's ideology is such that conformity has replaced consciousness.
  • Theodor Adorno, “The Culture Industry Reconsidered” (1963), ¶ 14.

• That we have found the tendency to conformity in our society so strong... is a matter of concern. It raises questions about our ways of education and about the values that guide our conduct.
  • Solomon Asch (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, p.70.

• Not only psychiatry itself but also the values reflected in its statistical definition of “normalcy” serve to condition men to habitual, unthinking, conformist behavior.
  • Benjamin R. Barber, “Forced to be Free: An Illiberal Defense of Liberty,” Superman and Common Men (New York: 1971), pp. 68-69.

• There is a socialization which turns curious children into adult automatons in a social environment of repressive uniformity, and there is a socialization which turns selfish, impulsive children into self-aware and deliberate participants in a larger community.
  • Benjamin R. Barber, “Forced to be Free: An Illiberal Defense of Liberty,” Superman and Common Men (New York: 1971), p. 72.

• Even though no one else discovers the nonconformity or enforces the rules against it, the individual who has committed the impropriety may himself act as the enforcer. He may brand himself as deviant because of what he has done and punish himself in one way or another for his behavior.
  • Howard S. Becker, Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (1963), p. 31.

• The common denominator between all my cartoons is rebellion against blind conformity.
  • Khalil Bendib 2004 Interview

• The only distinction that democracies reward is a high degree of conformity.
  • Ambrose Bierce, Epigrams, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce (1911), Volume 8, p. 358.

• Liberation from the heroic only means that they have no resource whatsoever against conformity to the current “role models.” They are constantly thinking of themselves in terms of fixed standards that they did not make. Instead of being overwhelmed by Cyrus, Theseus, Moses or Romulus, they unconsciously act out the roles of the doctors, lawyers, businessmen or TV personalities around them. One can only pity young people without admirations they can respect or avow, who are artificially restrained from the enthusiasm for great virtue.
  • Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: 1988), pp. 66-67.

• Socrates too thought that living according to the opinions of others was an illness. But he did not urge men to look for a source for producing their own unique opinions, or criticize them for being conformists. His measure of health was not sincerity, authenticity or any of the other necessarily vague criteria for distinguishing a healthy self. The truth is the one thing most needful; and conforming to nature is quite different from conforming to law, convention or opinion.
  • Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: 1988), p. 179.

• Tocqueville found that Americans talked very much about individual right but that there was a real monotony of thought and that vigorous independence of mind was rare. Even those who appear to be free-thinkers … are creatures of public opinion as much as are conformists—actors of nonconformism in the theater of the conformists who admire and applaud nonconformity of certain kinds, the kinds that radicalize the already dominant opinions.
  • Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: 1988), p. 247.

• Let's all be different same as me.
  • John Brunner, The Shockwave Rider (1975), Bk. 2.

• I walk through rooms of the dead, streets of the dead, cities of the dead: men without eyes, men without voices; men with manufactured feelings and standard reactions; men with newspaper brains, television souls and high school ideals.
  • Charles Bukowski, Sunlight Here I Am: Interviews and Encounters, 1963-1993 (2003), p. 24

• To make everything yield to custom would be to do the greatest injustice. Were the judgments of mankind correct, custom would be regulated by the good. But it is often far otherwise in point of fact; for, whatever the many are seen to do, forthwith obtains the force of custom. But human affairs have scarcely ever been so happily constituted as that the better course pleased the greater number. Hence the private vices of the multitude have generally resulted in public error.
  • John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, Prefatory Address, p. 23

• Be it so that public error must have a place in human society, still, in the kingdom of God, we must look and listen only to his eternal truth, against which no series of years, no custom, no conspiracy, can plead prescription. Thus Isaiah formerly taught the people of God, “Say ye not, A confederacy, to all to whom this people shall say, A confederacy;” i.e. do not unite with the people in an impious consent.
  • John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, Prefatory Address, p. 23

• The person who is in an infantile level is the person who is apolitical and conformist … the person who replaces the private father with the social anonymous father.
  • Cornelius Castoriadis, The Imaginary Institution of Society, K. Blamey, trans. (1998).

• To make more products for people who wanted to express themselves would mean creating variety. But the systems of mass production that had been developed in America were only profitable if they made large numbers of the same objects. This had fitted perfectly with the limited range of desires of a conformist society. The expressive self threatened this whole system of manufacturing.
  • Adam Curtis, The Century of the Self, episode 3.

• When modern men and women insist that they feel completely free in their work, they are in a sense telling the truth, for the triumph of conformity lies in the crushing of all resistance, all experience of conflict.
  • David Edwards, Burning All Illusions (Boston: 1996), p. 36.

• In order to be able to be an irreproachable member of the herd, one must, above all, be a sheep.
  • Albert Einstein, “Aphorisms for Leo Baeck” (1953) #6.

• Revelation … unavoidably challenges the institution and established power, no matter what form this may take. But the adulteration by political power has changed all this. Christianity has become a religion of conformity.
  • Jacques Ellul, The Subversion of Christianity (1982), G. Bromiley, trans. (1986), p. 133.

• Conformity is the ape of harmony.
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson, Journal Entry, May 10, 1840.

• These are the voices which we hear in solitude, but they grow faint and inaudible as we enter into the world. … Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members. … The virtue in most request is conformity. … Whoso would be a man, must be a nonconformist... must not be hindered by the name of goodness, but must explore if it be goodness.
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self-Reliance,” Essays: First Series (1883), pp. 51-52.

• Most men have bound their eyes with one or another handkerchief, and attached themselves to some one of these communities of opinion. This conformity makes them not false in a few particulars, authors of a few lies, but false in all particulars. Their every truth is not quite true. Their two is not the real two, their four not the real four; so that every word they say chagrins us and we know not where to begin to set them right.
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self-Reliance,” Essays: First Series (1883), pp. 55-56.

• The voyage of the best ship is a zigzag line of a hundred tacks. See the line from a sufficient distance, and it straightens itself to the average tendency. Your genuine action will explain itself and will explain your other genuine actions. Your conformity explains nothing.
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Self-Reliance,” Essays: First Series (1883), pp. 59-60.

• Yield not one inch to all the forces which conspire to make you an echo.
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson in conversation, as reported by Charles J. Woodbury, Talks with Ralph Waldo Emerson (1890), p. 30.

• I would prefer to speak openly and like an oracle to give answers serviceable to all mankind, even though no one should understand me, rather than to conform to popular opinions and so win the praise freely scattered by the mob.
  • Epicurus, “Vatican Sayings,” XXIX.

• Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil.
  • Exodus 23:2.

• “But,” said Emma, “ one must, after all, follow, to a certain extent, the opinion of the world and conform to its morality.”
  “Ah! but then there are two moralities. The petty, the conventional one, that of men, that which varies unceasingly and bawls so loudly, that one grovels below, close to the earth, like this assembly of idiots which you behold. But the other, the eternal, is all around and above us, like the landscape that encircles us and the blue heaven that gives us light.”
  • Gustave Flaubert, Rodolphe and Mme. Bovary, Madame Bovary (1857), Part 2, Chapter 8.

• There's something in all of us that wants to drift toward a mob, where we can all say the same thing without having to think about it, because everybody is all alike except people that we can hate or persecute. Every time we use words, we're either fighting against this tendency or giving in to it.
  • Northrop Frye, The Educated Imagination (1963), Massey Lecture 6: 'The Vocation of Eloquence'

• I made no attempt to conceal the tedium of these encounters. “They’re all alike,” I told her, “and each repeats the next. Whenever I talk to one, it seems to me I’m talking to several.”
  “But my dear,” Marceline answered, “you can’t ask each one to be different from all the rest.”
  “The more they’re like each other, the less they’re like me.” And I continued more wearily: … “They’re alive, they seem to be alive and not to know it.”
  • André Gide, Michael and Marceline in The Immoralist, R. Howard trans., p. 91.

• The Prophet is essentially a one-sided man. A certain moral idea fills his whole being, masters his every feeling and sensation, engrosses his whole attention. He can only see the world through the mirror of his idea; he desires nothing, strives for nothing, except to make every phase of the life around him an embodiment of that idea in its perfect form. His whole life is spent in fighting for this ideal with all his strength; for its sake he lays waste his powers, unsparing of himself, regardless of the conditions of life and the demands of the general harmony. His gaze is fixed always on what ought to be in accordance with his own convictions; never on what can be consistently with the general condition of things outside himself. ...

  The Prophet is thus a primal force. His action affects the character of the general harmony, while he him self does not become a part of that harmony, but remains always a man apart, a narrow-minded extremist, zealous for his own ideal, and intolerant of every other. And since he cannot have all that he would, he is in a perpetual state of anger and grief; he remains all his life "a man of strife and a man of contention to the whole earth." [Jeremiah 15:10] Not only this: the other members of society, those many-sided dwarfs, creatures of the general harmony, cry out after him, "The Prophet is a fool, the spiritual man is mad" [Hosea 9:7]; and they look with lofty contempt on his narrowness and extremeness.

  • Ahad Ha'am, "Priest and Prophet" (1893), pp. 130-131

• It is the average man of today who shows the most striking differences from people of other ages and civilizations. The rebel of today is twin brother of rebels in all ages and climes.
  • Eric Hoffer, The Passionate State of Mind (New York: 1954), #175.

• The majority principle … has become the sovereign force to which thought must cater. It is a new god, not in the sense in which the heralds of the great revolutions conceived it, namely, as a power of resistance to existing injustice, but as a power of resistance to anything that does not conform.
  • Max Horkheimer, Eclipse of Reason (1947), p. 30.

• Young men are pretty much like a drove of sheep; any one who takes a decided line on certain matters, is sure to lead all the rest.
  • Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown at Oxford (1861), Ch. 38.

• The majority of people want to be like others, and this drives them to a death in life. It is necessary to find what distinguishes us from others in order to be something. To the extent that we try to be like others, we convert ourselves into zombies.

• Alejandro Jodorowsky Psychomagic: The Transformative Power of Shamanic Psychotherapy (2010)

• Καὶ ἤκουσα ἄλλην φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ λέγουσαν Ἐξέλθατε ὁ λαός μου ἐξ αὐτῆς, ἵνα μὴ συνκοινωνήσητε ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις αὐτῆς.
  • Then I heard another voice from heaven saying, "Come out of her, my people, lest you take part in her sins."
    • John of Patmos, ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΙΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ 18:14

• The more a man's life is shaped by the collective norms, the greater is his individual immorality.
  • Carl G. Jung, Psychological Types - The Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Vol.6 (1971), p. 449

• We accustom ourselves and our children to hypocrisy, to the practice of a double-faced morality. And since the brain is ill at ease among lies, we cheat ourselves with sophistry. Hypocrisy and sophistry become the second nature of the civilized man. But a society cannot live thus; it must return to truth or cease to exist.
  • Peter Kropotkin, The Conquest of Bread

• Fear … explains not only conformity to the behavior of others … but also the adoption of the valuations of others. First, people behave as if these valuations were their own, too, because they are afraid not to conform; then they get used to this pretense and “it becomes second nature.” … As children, we do not conform because the judgment of our elders is likely to be more rational than ours, but—according to Nietzsche—merely from impotence and fear.
  • Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche, p. 190, paraphrasing Daybreak § 104.

• Nietzsche [in The Gay Science § 143] denounced monotheism for preaching the existence of one Normalgott as a single norm which suggests somehow that there is also a Normalmensch: a norm to which all men must conform and a bar to the development of individuality. It was the advantage of polytheism, Nietzsche contends, that it allowed for a “multiplicity of norms.” (Gay Science § 143)
  • Walter Kauffman, Nietzsche, p. 308.

• If your ultimate and highest goal is to have life made easy and sociable, then never become involved with Christianity, shun it, because it wants the very opposite; it wants to make your life difficult and to do this by making you alone before God. No earnest person, therefore, wearies of tracking down the illusions, because insofar as he is a thinking person he fears most to be in error, however cozy the arrangement is, however good the company—and as a Christian he fears most to be lost without knowing it—however flattering, however splendid the surroundings and the company are.
  • Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love (1847), as translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (1995), p. 124

• The common individual always conforms to the prevailing opinion and the prevailing fashion; he regards the state in which everything now exists as the only possible one and passively accepts it all. … To the genius it always occurs to ask: Could this too not be false?
  • Georg Lichtenberg, The Waste Books, R. J. Hollingdale trans. (2000), C25.

• Nonconformity is the highest evolutionary attainment of social animals.
  • Aldo Leopold "A Man's Leisure Time," 1920; Published in Round River, Luna B. Leopold (ed.), Oxford University Press, 1966, p. 8.

• The whole drift of our law is toward the absolute prohibition of all ideas that diverge in the slightest from the accepted platitudes, and behind that drift of law there is a far more potent force of growing custom, and under that custom there is a national philosophy which erects conformity into the noblest of virtues and the free functioning of personality into a capital crime against society.
  • H. L. Mencken, cited in A Little Book of Aphorisms (New York: 1947), p. 75.

• Though the customs be both good as customs, and suitable to him, yet to conform to custom, merely as custom, does not educate or develop in him any of the qualities which are the distinctive endowment of a human being. The human faculties of perception, judgment, discriminative feeling, mental activity, and even moral preference, are exercised only in making a choice. He who does anything because it is the custom, makes no choice. He gains no practice either in discerning or in desiring what is best. The mental and moral, like the muscular powers, are improved only by being used. The faculties are called into no exercise by doing a thing merely because others do it, no more than by believing a thing only because others believe it.
  • J.S. Mill, On Liberty (Henry Holt, New York: 1895), Chapter 3, p. 105.

• I do not mean that they choose what is customary, in preference to what suits their own inclination. It does not occur to them to have any inclination, except for what is customary. Thus the mind itself is bowed to the yoke: even in what people do for pleasure, conformity is the first thing thought of. … Peculiarity of taste, eccentricity of conduct, are shunned equally with crimes: until by dint of not following their own nature, they have no nature to follow: their human capacities are withered and starved: they become incapable of any strong wishes or native pleasures, and are generally without either opinions or feelings of home growth, or properly their own.
  • J.S. Mill, On Liberty (Henry Holt, New York: 1895), Chapter 3, pp. 109-110.

• A man cannot get a coat or a pair of boots to fit him, unless they are either made to his measure, or he has a whole warehouseful to choose from: and is it easier to fit him with a life than with a coat?
  • J.S. Mill, On Liberty (Henry Holt, New York: 1895), Chapter 3, p. 121.

• Tendencies of the time cause the public to be more disposed than at most former periods to prescribe general rules of conduct, and endeavor to make every one conform to the approved standard. And that standard, express or tacit, is to desire nothing strongly. Its ideal of character is to be without any marked character; to maim by compression, like a Chinese lady’s foot, every part of human nature which stands out prominently, and tends to make the person markedly dissimilar in outline to commonplace humanity.
  • J.S. Mill, On Liberty (Henry Holt, New York: 1895), Chapter 3, pp. 124-125.

• As the various social eminences which enabled persons entrenched on them to disregard the opinion of the multitude, gradually become levelled; as the very idea of resisting the will of the public, when it is positively known that they have a will, disappears more and more from the minds of practical politicians; there ceases to be any social support for non-conformity—any substantive power in society, which, itself opposed to the ascendancy of numbers, is interested in taking under its protection opinions and tendencies at variance with those of the public.
  • J.S. Mill, On Liberty (Henry Holt, New York: 1895), Chapter 3, pp. 130-132.

• Wartime measures typically encourage a high degree of political, social and intellectual conformity. The general idea is that, in the face of an existential challenge from a vicious enemy, criticism of the government ought to cease.
  • Pankaj Mishra, From Modi to Johnson, leaders are using the pandemic to suppress their critics (9 May, 2020), ThePrint

• Sins which would terrify us if they were peculiar to ourselves alone cease to frighten us when they are shared. The sinner sleeps soundly when he finds himself surrounded by a multitude, as though God were obliged to spare him.
  • Pierre Nicole, L'esprit de M. Nicole, ou: Instructions sur les vérités de la religion, p. 461, as translated in The Bourgeois: Catholicism vs. Capitalism in Eighteenth-Century France (1968), p. 94

• In his heart every man knows quite well that, being unique, he will be in the world only once and that no imaginable chance will for a second time gather together into a unity so strangely variegated an assortment as he is: he knows it but he hides it like a bad conscience—why? From fear of his neighbor, who demands conventionality and cloaks himself with it. But what is it that constrains the individual to fear his neighbor, to think and act like a member of a herd, and to have no joy in himself? Modesty, perhaps, in a few rare cases. With the great majority it is indolence, inertia. ... Men are even lazier than they are timid, and fear most of all the inconveniences with which unconditional honesty and nakedness would burden them. Artists alone hate this sluggish promenading in borrowed fashions and appropriated opinions and they reveal everyone’s secret bad conscience, the law that every man is a unique miracle.
  • Friedrich Nietzsche, Untimely Meditations (1876), “Schopenhauer as educator,” § 3.1, R. Hollingdale, trans. (1983), p. 127

• There exists no more repulsive and desolate creature in the world than the man who has evaded his genius and who now looks furtively to left and right, behind him and all about him. ... He is wholly exterior, without kernel, a tattered, painted bag of clothes.
  • Friedrich Nietzsche, Untimely Meditations (1876), “Schopenhauer as educator,” § 3.1, R. Hollingdale, trans. (1983), p. 128

• The mass is all that which sets no value on itself—good or ill—based on specific grounds, but which feels itself “just like everybody,” and nevertheless is not concerned about it; is, in fact, quite happy to feel itself as one with everybody else.
  • José Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses, p. 15

• The most radical division that it is possible to make of humanity is that which splits it into two classes of creatures: those who make great demands on themselves, piling up difficulties and duties; and those who demand nothing special of themselves, but for whom to live is to be every moment what they already are, without imposing on themselves any effort towards perfection, mere buoys that float on the waves.
  • José Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses, p. 15

• Be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind.
  • Paul of Tarsus, Letter to the Romans, 12:2.

• Pythagoras teaches among other excellent doctrines this also, “walk not on the highways.” This does not mean that we should climb steep hills—the school was not prescribing foot-weariness—but it indicates by this figure that in our words and deeds we should not follow popular and beaten tracks.
  • Philo, Every Good Man is Free, 2.

• I would be better for me … that multitudes of men should disagree with me rather than that I, being one, should be out of harmony with myself.
  • Plato, Socrates in Gorgias, 482c.

• [While] there are worldly singularities, there are Christian and salutary ones, too; and this singularity by which one is differentiated from the crowd who tread the broad path is what constitutes the straight and narrow path of the Gospels. ... Holy things will never be established or reestablished so long as we have this fear of appearing singular.
  • Pasquier Quesnel, Pensées, p. 90, as translated by Mary Ilford in The Bourgeois: Catholicism vs. Capitalism in Eighteenth-Century France (1968), p. 163.

• A world where the thought of each man will not be his own, but an attempt to guess the thought of his neighbor.
  • Ayn Rand, Ellsworth Toohey in The Fountainhead (1943)

• These are the sensations and feelings that are gradually blunted by education, staled by custom, rejected in favor of social conformity.
  • Herbert Read, referring to the curiosity and sense of wonder of the child, The Cult of Sincerity (1969), p. 17.

• Path: where nothing grows.
  • James Richardson, Interglacial (2004), Aphorism #19.

• The position which I had taken up aroused curiosity; people were anxious to make the acquaintance of the singular man, who sought no one’s society, and whose only anxiety was to live free and happy after his own fashion. Thrown, in spite of myself, into the great world, without possessing its manners, and unable to acquire or conform to them, I took it into my head to adopt manners of my own, which might enable me to dispense with them.
  • Rousseau, Confessions (Wordsworth: 1996), p. 357.

• We all have a tendency to think that the world must conform to our prejudices. The opposite view involves some effort of thought, and most people would die sooner than think — in fact they do so.
  • Bertrand Russell, The ABC of Relativity (1925), p. 166.

• Like so many other animals, we have an often-frantic need to conform, belong, and obey. Such conformity can be markedly maladaptive, as we forgo better solutions in the name of the foolishness of the crowd.
  • Robert Sapolsky, Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst (2017), p. 451.

• Man is the only being which can lay claim to possess an individual character. But in most men this individual character comes to very little in reality; and they may be almost all ranged under certain classes: ce sont des espèces. Their thoughts and desires, like their faces, are those of the species, or, at any rate, those of the class to which they belong; and accordingly, they are of a trivial, every-day, common character, and exist by the thousand. You can usually tell beforehand what they are likely to do and say. They have no special stamp or mark to distinguish them; they are like manufactured goods, all of a piece.
  • Arthur Schopenhauer, “Psychological Observations,” R. Dircks, trans., Parerga and Paralipomena, vol. 2

• There is nothing that brings greater trouble on us than the fact that we conform to rumor, thinking that what has won widespread approval is best, and that, as we have so many to follow as good, we live by the principle, not of reason, but of imitation.
  • Seneca the Younger, Dialogues and Essays, J. Davie, tans., (Oxford: 2007), p. 44.

• Inwardly everything should be different but our outward face should conform to the crowd.
  • Seneca the Younger, Letter 5 (Robin Campbell trans.).

• [It would seem that] you must inevitably either hate or imitate the world. But the right thing is to shun both courses: you should neither become like the bad because they are many, nor be an enemy of the many because they are unlike you.
  • Seneca the Younger, Letter 7 (Robin Campbell trans.).

• Scorn the pleasure that comes from the majority’s approval. The many speak highly of you, but have you really any grounds for satisfaction with yourself if you are the kind of person the many understand?
  • Seneca the Younger, Letter 7 (Robin Campbell trans.).

• Conformity is a mood and an atmosphere, a failure of hope or belief or rebellion.
  • Ben Shahn "On Nonconformity" (1956/7)

• What is it about us, the public, and what is it about conformity itself that causes us all to require it of our neighbors and of our artists and then, with consummate fickleness, to forget those who fall into line and eternally celebrate those who do not?
  • Ben Shahn "On Nonconformity" (1956/7)

• Men must always have distinguished (e.g. in judicial matters) between hearsay and seeing with one’s own eyes and have preferred what one has seen to what he has merely heard from others. But the use of this distinction was originally limited to particular or subordinate matters. As regards the most weighty matters—the first things and the right way—the only source of knowledge was hearsay.
  • Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (1953), p. 86.

• To make more products for people who wanted to express themselves would mean creating variety. But the systems of mass production that had been developed in America were only profitable if they made large numbers of the same objects. This had fitted perfectly with the limited range of desires of a conformist society. The expressive self threatened this whole system of manufacturing.
  • The Century of the Self, "Episode 3".

• I don't want to waste my time; become another casualty of society. I'll never fall in line; become another victim of your conformity and back down.
  • Sum 41, "Fat Lip", All Killer No Filler (2001), Island Records

• [S]chools are places of intense conformity. Fear of exclusion cripples and terrorizes its young victims; often you can see it on their faces. They do and think what they’re told. They even protest as they’re told. Some rebellion.
  • Barton Swaim, "The School Walkout: A Conformist Rebellion" (16 March 2018), The Weekly Standard

• The greater part of what my neighbors call good I believe in my soul to be bad, and if I repent of anything, it is very likely to be my good behavior.
  • Henry David Thoreau, Walden (1854).

• The moral empire of the majority is founded in part of the idea that there is more enlightenment and wisdom in many men united than in one alone, in the number of legislators than in their choice. It is the theory of equality applied to intellects.
  • Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, H. Mansfield, trans. (Chicago: 2000), p. 236.

• The public, therefore, among a democratic people, has a singular power, which aristocratic nations cannot conceive; for it does not persuade others to its beliefs, but it imposes them and makes them permeate the thinking of everyone by a sort of enormous pressure of the mind of all upon the individual intelligence.
  • Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Volume 2, Book 1, Chapter 2, J. Spencer, trans.

• The fact that the political laws of the Americans are such that the majority rules the community with sovereign sway materially increases the power which that majority naturally exercises over the mind. For nothing is more customary in man than to recognize superior wisdom in the person of his oppressor.
  • Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835), Volume 2, Book 1, Chapter 2, J. Spencer, trans.

• Stephan Arkadievich chose neither his attitudes nor his opinions, no, the attitudes and opinions came to him on their own, just as he chose neither the style of his hat nor of his coats but got what people were wearing.
  • Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina

• For the amoral herd that fears boredom above all else, everything becomes entertainment. Sex and sport, politics and the arts are transformed into entertainment. … Nothing is immune from the demand that boredom be relieved (but without personal involvement, for mass society is a spectator society).
  • Merold Westphal, Kierkegaard’s Critique of Reason and Society, p. 50.

• While to the claims of charity a man may yield and yet be free, to the claims of conformity no man may yield and remain free.
  • Oscar Wilde, The Soul of Man Under Socialism, ¶ 25.

Autonomy Groupthink Harmony Herd mentality

Independence Individualism Individuality

• Nonconformity: Writing on Writing by Nelson Algren