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KS

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The Standard Written Form or SWF (Cornish: Furv Scrifys Savonek, FSS) of the Cornish language is an orthography standard that is designed to "provide public bodies and the educational system with a universally acceptable, inclusive, and neutral orthography".[1] The acronym SWF is pronounced by some as [swʌf] and at the 2009 MAGA meeting in Lostwithiel, Jenefer Lowe mentioned a new verb swufhe 'to render into the SWF' had attained some currency.[citation needed]

The new form was agreed in May 2008 after two years of negotiations between proponents of different varieties of Cornish. The SWF was influenced by Unified Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn, Unified Cornish Revised, Revived Late Cornish, Kernewek Dasunys, and Kernowek Standard. The agreement means that Cornish will become officially accepted and funded, with support from the European Union.[2] In a need for stability, the Standard Written Form will not be altered until 2013.

The negotiating teams comprised Andrew Climo, Rod Lyon, Bernard Deacon, Mina Dresser, Pol Hodge, Loveday Jenkin, George Ansell and Polinn Prees. The negotiations were chaired by Trond Trosterud, and supported by Albert Bock, Ben Bruch and Jenefer Lowe.[citation needed]

Orthography

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Consonants

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Sonorants

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Graph RMC RLC and TC
<l> [l] [l]
<ll> [lː] [lʰ]
<m> [m] [m]
<mm>, <bm> [mː] [bm]
<n> [n] [n]
<nn>, <dn> [nː] [nʰ dn]
<r> [r] [ɹ]
<rr> [rː] [rʰ]

Stops

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Graph RMC RLC and TC
<b> [b] [b]
<ck> [kː k] [k]
<d> [d] [d]
<g> [ɡ] [ɡ]
<k>, <c>, <q> [k] [k]
<kk> [kː] [k]
<p> [p] [p]
<pp> [pː] [p]
<t> [t] [t]
<tt> [tː] [t]

Semivowels

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Graph RMC RLC and TC
<w> [w] [w]
<y> [j] [j]

Affricates

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Graph RMC RLC and TC
<ch> [tʃ] [tʃ]
<j> [ʤ] [ʤ]
<ks>, <x> [ks ɡz] [ks ɡz]

Fricatives

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Graph RMC RLC and TC
<c> [s] [s]
<dh> [ð] [ð]
<f> [f] [f v]
<ff> [fː] [f]
<gh> [xː x] [h]
<h> [h] [h]
<hw>, <wh> [ʍ] [ʍ]
<s> [s z] [z s]
<ss> [sː s] [s]
<sh> [ʃ] [ʃ]
<th> [θ] [θ]
<tth> [θː] [θ]
<z> [z] [z]

Vowels

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Monophthong vowels

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Graph RMC RLC and TC
<a>, <oa> [a(ː)] [æ(ː)], [ɒː]
<e> [ɛ(ː)] [eː ɛ]
<eu> [oe(ː)] [eː ɛ]
<i>, <-ei> [i(ː)] [i(ː) ɪ], [-əɪ]
<y> [ɪ(ː)] [iː ɪ eː ɛ]
<o> [ɔ(ː) ɤ] [oː ɔ ɤ]
<oo> [oː uː] [uː]
<ou> [u(ː)] [uː ʊ]
<u> [y(ː)] [i(ː) ɪ]
<oa> (RLC only) [aː] [ɒː] (in a small group of words)

Diphthong vowels

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Graph RMC RLC and TC
<aw> [aʊ] [æʊ]
<ew> [ɛʊ] [ɛʊ]
<iw> [iʊ] [ɪʊ]
<yw> [ɪʊ] [ɛʊ]
<ow> [ɔʊ] [ɔʊ], [uː] (in hiatus)
<uw> [yʊ] [ɪʊ]
<ay> [aɪ] [əɪ]
<ey> [ɛɪ] [əɪ]
<oy> [ɔɪ] [ɔɪ]
<-ei> (RLC only) [iː] [-əɪ] (word-finally and in hiatus)

Orthographic variations

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Over the course of the Cornish revival, different ways of pronouncing Cornish have formed, based on which period in the history of the language the speaker prefers. The different pronunciations are known as Revived Modern Cornish, Revived Late Cornish, and Tudor Cornish. In order to reflect this, and remain inclusive of all Cornish speakers' preferences, the Standard Written Form has had to include variations in its orthography. The Cornish speaker can choose which variation they use, based on their preferred way of speaking.

Umbrella graphs

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The Standard Written Form has four umbrella graphs, which give one sound for speakers of Revived Modern Cornish (RMC) and another for speakers of Revived Late Cornish (RLC).

Graph RMC RLC Example RMC RLC
<u> [y(ː)] [i(ː)] rudh [ryːð] [riːð]
<eu> [œ(ː)] [e(ː)] keus [kœːz] [keːz]
<oo> [o(ː)] [u(ː)] koos, coos [koːz] [kuːz]
<gh> [x] [h], [ʰ] flogh [flɔːx] [floːh]

Variant graphs

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Variant graphs represent the differences in pronunciation between Revived Modern Cornish and Revived Late Cornish that are too great to be bridged by an umbrella graph. Speakers of Tudor Cornish can pick the spelling that matches their pronunciation the closest.

RMC RLC Examples Meaning
<a> <oa> [ɒː] bras, broas big
<ew> <ow> tewlel, towlel throw
<-i> <-ei> [-əɪ] chi, chei house
<mm> <bm> tamm, tabm piece
<nn> <dn> penn, pedn head
<s> <j> kerensa, kerenja love
<y> <e> bys, bes world

Traditional graphs

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Some Cornish writers prefer to use the graphs found in traditional Cornish writings, rather than the changes introduced by Kernewek Kemmyn in the 1980s. These traditional graphs are represented in the Standard Written Form, but unlike variant graphs, they don't have equal status with their main form counterparts, and will not be found in school textbooks or official public body documents.

Main form graph Traditional graph Examples Meaning Notes
<hw> <wh> hwegh, whegh six
<-y> <-i> kelli, kelly lose Not used in stressed syllables
<k> <c> koos, coos wood Used before <a o u l r>
<ks> <x> boks, box box
<kw> <qw> kwit, qwit quite

Example text

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The following is an example of how a text by William Bodinar looks in the Standard Written Form. Both the main and traditional forms are given, for the purpose of showing the minor differences between the two.

Main form

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Traditional form

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References

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  1. ^ An Outline of the Standard Written Form of Cornish
  2. ^ Cornish language makes a comeback - Daily Telegraph
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William Bodinar's letter 1776

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This is probably the one of the last examples of Cornish written by the hand of a native speaker[1]. The text is also interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view in that Bodinar speaks about the contemporary state of the Cornish language in 1776.

Bodinar's original spelling Curnoack Nowedga
or Modern Cornish transcription

Bluth vee try egance a pemp.
Thera vee dean bodgack an puscas.
Me rig deskey Cornoack termen me vee mawe.
Me vee de more gen seara vee a pemp dean mouy en cock.
Me rig scantlower clowes eden ger Sowsnack en cock rag sythen warebar.
Na riga vee biscath gwellas lever Cornoack.
Me deskey Cornoack moas da more gen tees coath.
Nag es mouy vel pager po pemp en dreav nye ell clapia Cornoack leben,
poble coath pager egance blouth.
Cornoack ewe oll naceaves gen poble younk.


Bluth vee ewe try egence a pemp.
Theara vee dean Bodjack an poscas.
Me rig deskey Cornoack termen me vee mawe.
Me vee demore gen seara vee a pemp dean moy en cock.
Me rig scantlower clowes eden ger Sowsnack cowes en cock rag sythen ware Bar.
Na rig a vee Biscath gwellas lever Cornoack.
Me deskey Cornoack moas da maor gen tees coath.
Na ges moye vel pager po pemp en dreav nye ell clapia Cornoack leben,
poble coath pager egence blouth.
Cornoack ewe oll neceaves gen poble younk.

Standard Written Form
transcription 		Kernowek Standard
or Standard Cornish transcription

Bloodh vy ew trei ugens ha pymp.
Th ero’vy den bohojek an puskes.
My rug dysky Kernowek y’n termyn my veu maw.
My veu dhe mor gen sira vy ha pymp den moy y’n cok.
My rug scant lowr clowes udn ger Sowsnek cowsys y’n cok rag seythen warbar’.
Na rug evy byscath gweles lyver Kernowek.
My rug dysky Kernowek o’ mos dhe mor gen tus coth.
Nag eus moy ’vel pajar po pymp y’n drev nei ’ell clappya Kernowek lebmyn,
pobel coth pajar ugens bloodh.
Kernowek ew oll nakevys gen pobel yonk.


Bloodh vy yw try ugans ha pymp.
Th’erovy den bohojak an pùscas.
Me wrug desky Kernowek termyn me veu maw.
Me veu de mor gen sîra vy ha pymp den moy i’n côk.
Me wrug scantlowr clowes udn ger Sowsnek côwsys i’n cok rag seythen warbarth.
Na wrug avy byscath gweles lyver Kernowek.
Me wrug desky Kernowek ow mos de mor gen tus coth.
Nag eus moy ’vell pajer po pymp i’n dre ny yll clappya Kernowek lebmyn,
pobel coth pajer ugans bloodh.
Kernowek yw oll nakevys gen pobel yonk.

Kernewek Kemmyn
or Common Cornish translation 		English
translation

[Ow] bloedh vy [yw] tri ugens ha pymp.
Yth ezov vy den boghozek an puskez.
My a wrug dyski Kernewek [y'n] termyn [ha] my a veu maw.
My a veu dhe'n mor gans [ow] sira vy ha pymp den moy y'n kog.
My a wrug skantlowr klywez unn ger Sowsnek y'n kog rag seythun warbarth.
Ny wruga vy bythkweyth gwelez lyver Kernewek.
My a wrug dyski Kernewek ow moz dhe'n mor gans tuz koth.
Nynz eus moy ez pezwar po pymp y'n trev ni a yll klappye Kernewek lemmyn,
pobel goth pezwar ugens bloedh.
Kernewek yw oll ankevyz gans pobel yowynk.


I'm sixty-five years old.
I'm a humble fisherman.
I learnt Cornish when I was a boy.
I was at sea with my father and five more men in a fishing boat.
I heard scant a single word of English in the boat for in seven days.
I did not ever see a Cornish book.
I learnt Cornish going to sea with the old men.
There are no more than four or five in our village who can talk Cornish now,
old people, eighty years old.
Cornish is all forgotten by the young people.

The Consonants of Revived Cornish

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This is a table of the phonology of Revived Cornish as recommended for the pronunciation of Kernowek Standard (KS) orthography, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Pulmonics Bila​bial Labio​d. Den​tal Alv. Post. Retro​fl. Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn. Epi​glot​t. Glot​tal
Nasals m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Plosives p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ
Fricatives ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ
Approxim. ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ
Trills ʙ r • ʀ •
Flaps / taps ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ • •
Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ • • •
Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ
This table contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.

Consonants



  bilabial labio-
dental 		dental alveolar post-
alveolar 		palatal labio-velar velar glottal
plosive p  b     t  d       k  g  
nasal m     n       ŋ  
fricative   f  v θ  ð s  z ʃ  ʒ     x h
approximant       ɹ   j ʍ  w    
lateral approximant       l          

The Vowels of Revived Cornish

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These are tables of the phonology of Revived Cornish as recommended for the pronunciation of Kernowek Standard (KS) orthography, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Short Vowels
  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
 
 
 
ɪ · ʏ
ᵻ    ᵿ
 
 
 
ɛ · œ
 
 
 
 ɒ
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.


Long Vowels
  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
iː · yː
 
 
 
 
eː · øː
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Speakers who prefer a later pronunciation merge the rounded vowels with the unrounded one.

done

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The following poll is CLOSED as of 21:00 (UTC) on 1 July 2009. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Grammar

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Consonant Mutation in Cornish (Kernwek Kemmyn)
Radical Soft Aspirate Hard Mixed
p b f    
t d th    
k g h    
b v   p f
b v p f
d dh t t
g1 disappears k h
g2 w k hw
gw w kw hw
m v f
ch j
The above is preserved as an archive of the poll. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Ordinaries

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Ordinaries
English Argent, a chief gules Argent, a pale gules Argent, a fess gules Argent, a bend gules Argent, a bend sinister gules Argent, a chevron gules
Ordinaries
English Argent, a cross gules Argent, a saltire gules Argent, a pall gules Argent, a pall subverted gules Argent, a pile throughout gules Argent, a bordure gules
Variations
English Barry (of eight) Paly (of eight) Bendy (of eight) Chevronny Chequy Lozengy Gyronny
Deutsch (Achtmal) geteilten (Achtmal) gepfahlt (Achtmal) geschrägt Gesparrt Geschacht Gerautet Geständert
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