漢

漢 U+6F22, 漢 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F22 ← 漡 [U+6F21] CJK Unified Ideographs 漣 → [U+6F23]

漢 U+FA47, 漢 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA47 ← 渚 [U+FA46] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 煮 → [U+FA48]

漢 U+FA9A, 漢 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA9A ← 滋 [U+FA99] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 瀞 → [U+FA9B]

Traditional	漢
Simplified	汉
Japanese	漢
Korean	漢

• In Traditional Chinese, Japanese kyūjitai, Korean hanja, the component 𦰩 for this character is written with 廿 on top. Note that the bottom portion is written 口 overlapped by 夫 and not 中 on top of 天.
• In Vietnamese Hán Nôm, 𦰩 can be written with 廿, 龷, or 艹 on top. But the most common variant of 𦰩 is with 龷 written on top.
• In Japanese shinjitai, the component 𦰩 is written with 艹 on top and has one stroke less. Due to Han unification, both traditional Chinese and Japanese shinjitai forms are encoded under the same code point. The appearance of this character will differ depending on the font used.
• In Simplified Chinese, the component 𦰩 is simplified to 又 instead, giving the character 汉 (U+6C49).
• Two compatibility ideographs exist for this character. U+FA47 corresponds to the kyūjitai form of this character while U+FA9A corresponds to the alternative form used in North Korea which is similar to Japanese shinjitai.

漢 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+11 in Chinese and Korean, 水+10 in Japanese, 14 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 13 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水廿中人 (ETLO), four-corner 3413₄ or 3418₅, composition ⿰氵⿱廿⿻口夫(GHTKV or U+FA47) or ⿰氵𦰩(J or U+FA9A))

• 𪝳, 𡁚, 𨮟

• 汉 (Simplified Chinese)

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 646, character 17
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18068
• Dae Jaweon: page 1055, character 15
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1713, character 9
• Unihan data for U+6F22

• Unihan data for U+FA47

• Unihan data for U+FA9A

trad.		漢
simp.		汉
alternative forms		𣾒 㵄 𣶔 𤁉 𭲑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hnaːns) : semantic 水 (“water”) + abbreviated phonetic 暵 (OC *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns) or 熯 (or 難 according to Xu Shen) – name of a river in China (漢水 or 漢江). Xu Shen links the third contracted phonetic component to the ancient variant 灘. The component to the left as a result of a contraction appears as a variant of 堇, which is the pictogram of a man burned alive as a sacrifice. It is partly unclear whether or not the phonetic component also suggests a morphological feature of the Han river (e.g., a dry river or a river that flows with difficulty) or simply indicates part of the pronounciation; Xu Shen puts no explanation.

A second ancient variant of the character reported by Xu Shen is 㵄 (perhaps analyzable as 淢 and 大).

The usage for the Chinese ethnicity first appeared during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, claiming the Han dynasty as one of the golden ages of Chinese history. Before the Han dynasty, the Chinese referred their land as 華夏 ("Huaxia"), and themselves as 諸華 ("various Hua people") or 諸夏 ("various people/descendants of the Xias"). "Xia" ("Summer; great, splendid") also gave the name to the first semi-legendary Chinese dinasty, the Xia Dinasty (夏朝).

漢

1. (～水, ～江) Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze

   漢口／汉口  ―  Hànkǒu  ―  Hankou (literally, “mouth of the Han”)

   • 決汝漢，排淮泗，而注之江。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     决汝汉，排淮泗，而注之江。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Jué Rǔ Hàn, pái Huái Sì, ér zhù zhī Jiāng. [Pinyin]

     He opened a vent also for the Ru and Han, and regulated the course of the Huai and Si, so that they all flowed into the Jiang.

2. (literary) the Milky Way

   • 維天有漢、監亦有光。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     维天有汉、监亦有光。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wéi tiān yǒu hàn, jiān yì yǒu guāng. [Pinyin]

     There is the milky way in heaven, which looks down on us in light.

3. (～朝) Han Dynasty

   • 問今是何世，乃不知有漢，無論魏晉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 421, Tao Yuanming, 桃花源記 (The Peach Blossom Spring)

     Wèn jīn shì hé shì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu Hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]

     When asking about the name of the current dynasty, it became apparent that they did not know about the Han Dynasty, much less the Wei or Jin Dynasties.

4. Han ethnicity; Han Chinese

   • 總期人民安堵，海宇乂安，仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     总期人民安堵，海宇乂安，仍合满、汉、蒙、回、藏五族完全领土为一大中华民国。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Feb 1912, 清室退位詔書 (Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor)

     Zǒng qī rénmín āndǔ, hǎiyǔ yì'ān, réng hé Mǎn, Hàn, Méng, Huí, Zàng wǔ zú wánquán lǐngtǔ wéi yī dà Zhōnghuá Mínguó. [Pinyin]

     [S]uch that peace may be assured and restored to the people and country, all while retaining the complete territorial integrity of the lands of the five races—Manchu, Han, Mongol, Hui, and Tibetan—which shall combine to form a great Republic of China.

5. man; guy; bloke

   好漢／好汉  ―  hǎohàn  ―  brave man; true man

   • 邵舊鄙崔暹無學術，言論之際，遂云暹無所知解。宣武還以邵言告暹，並道「此漢不可親近。」暹頗銜之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     邵旧鄙崔暹无学术，言论之际，遂云暹无所知解。宣武还以邵言告暹，并道「此汉不可亲近。」暹颇衔之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 659 CE, Li Yanshou, History of the Northern Dynasties

     Shào jiù bǐ Cuī Xiān wú xuéshù, yánlùn zhī jì, suì yún Xiān wú suǒ zhījiě. Xuānwǔ hái yǐ Shào yán gào Xiān, bìng dào “cǐ hàn bùkě qīnjìn.” Xiān pō xián zhī. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

6. husband
7. (～江) Han River, the fourth-longest river on the Korean peninsula
8. Short for 漢語／汉语 (Hànyǔ, “Chinese language”).
9. a surname

   漢寶德／汉宝德  ―  Hàn Bǎodé  ―  Han Pao-teh (Taiwanese architect)

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name	Time period	Divisions
Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代)	2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代)	1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代)	1046 – 256 BCE	Western Zhou 西周
		Eastern Zhou 東周／东周	Spring and Autumn period 春秋
			Warring States period 戰國／战国
Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代)	221 – 206 BCE
Han 漢／汉 (～朝, ～代)	206 BCE – 220 C.E.	Western Han 西漢／西汉
		Xin 新 (～朝)
		Eastern Han 東漢／东汉
Three Kingdoms 三國／三国	220 – 280 C.E.	Wei 魏
		Shu Han 蜀漢／蜀汉
		Wu 吳／吴
Jin 晉／晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 C.E.	Western Jin 西晉／西晋
		Eastern Jin 東晉／东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝	420 – 589 C.E.	Northern dynasties 北朝	Northern Wei 北魏
			Western Wei 西魏
			Eastern Wei 東魏／东魏
			Northern Zhou 北周
			Northern Qi 北齊／北齐
		Southern dynasties 南朝	Liu Song 劉宋／刘宋
			Southern Qi 南齊／南齐
			Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代)
			Chen 陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代)	581 – 618 C.E.
Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代)	618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國／五代十国	907 – 960 C.E.
Liao 遼／辽 (～朝, ～代)	907 – 1125 C.E.
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 C.E.	Northern Song 北宋
		Southern Song 南宋
Western Xia 西夏	1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin 金 (～朝, ～代)	1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao 西遼／西辽	1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代)	1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming 明 (～朝, ～代)	1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing 清 (～朝, ～代)	1636 – 1912 C.E.

→ Arabic: هان (hān)

→ Bulgarian: хан (han)

→ English: Han

→ Finnish: Han

→ French: Han

→ German: Han

→ Khmer: ហាន (haan)

→ Polish: Han

→ Portuguese: han

→ Russian: хань (xanʹ), ханец (xanec)

• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02308
• 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “汉”, in 莆仙方言大词典 (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 257.

Shinjitai	漢
Kyūjitai [1]	漢 漢 or 漢+︀?
	漢󠄁 漢+󠄁? (Adobe-Japan1)
	漢󠄃 漢+󠄃? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 漢)

1. Sino-, China
2. man

• Go-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kun: あや (aya, 漢)、おとこ (otoko, 漢)^{←をとこ (wotoko, 漢, historical)}、から (kara, 漢)
• Nanori: あや (aya)、かみ (kami)、から (kara)、くに (kuni)、なら (nara)、はた (hata)

Kanji in this term
漢
かん Grade: 3
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
漢 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH), in reference to the Han Chinese ethnic group.

The sense of man arose from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.

漢(かん) • (kan) 

1. man

   さらに悟(ご)上(じょう)に得(とく)悟(ご)する漢(かん)あり、迷(めい)中(ちゅう)又(う)迷(めい)の漢(かん)あり。

   Sara ni gojō ni tokugo suru kan ari, meichū umei no kan ari.

   Moreover, some men achieve enlightenment and further enlightenment, and some men achieve confusion and further confusion.

漢(かん) • (Kan) 

1. the name of China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE)
2. name of various Chinese dynasties
   1. the 西漢 (Saikan, “Western Han”) or 前漢 (Zenkan, “Former Han”) (206 BCE – 9 CE)
   2. the 東漢 (Tōkan, “Eastern Han”) or 後漢 (Gokan, “Later Han”) (25–220 CE)
   3. the 蜀漢 (Shokkan, “Shu Han”) (221–263)
   4. the 成漢 (Seikan, “Cheng Han”) (304–347)
   5. the 南漢 (Nankan, “Southern Han”) (917–971)
   6. the 後漢 (Kōkan, “Later Han”) (947–951)
   7. the 北漢 (Hokukan, “Northern Han”) (951–979)
3. the Han Chinese people
4. the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze
5. (by extension from the "river" sense) the Milky Way

   Synonyms: 天漢 (Tenkan), 天河 (Tenga), 銀漢 (Ginkan), 銀河 (Ginga), 天の川 (Ama-no-gawa)

6. alternative name for 漢中 (Kanchū, “Hanzhong”)
7. a surname

Kanji in this term
漢
から Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
漢 (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese.

Originally referred to the Gaya confederacy, an independent state in the south of the Korean peninsula in the years 42–562 CE. Over time, the meaning extended to refer in general to the Korean peninsula and China, expanding further just before and during the Edo period to refer to foreign lands in general.^[2][3]

• (usually China in the Tang dynasty, and foreign lands in general): 唐
• (usually Korea): 韓
• (specifically the Gaya confederacy): 加羅, 伽羅, 迦羅

• (Tokyo) から [káꜜrà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[4][5]
• IPA^(key): [ka̠ɾa̠]

漢(から) • (kara-) 

1. element in compounds, referring to things imported from China or Korea, or from other foreign lands

   漢詩(からうた)、唐歌(からうた)、唐(から)揚(あ)げ、漢音(からごえ)

   karauta, karauta, karāge, karagoe

   Chinese-style poetry (as opposed to formal waka Japanese-style poetry), Chinese-style poetry, deep-fried chicken or fish (a style introduced by Europeans in the 1600s), “Chinese voice” → the kan'on or Chinese-derived reading for a character

漢(から) • (kara) 

1. (historical) shortly before and during the Edo period, foreign lands in general

漢(から) • (Kara) 

1. the Gaya confederacy
2. (archaic) the Korean peninsula
3. (archaic) China, especially during the Han dynasty

• 漢人(からひと) (Kara hito), 漢人(からびと) (karabito)

Kanji in this term
漢
あや Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
漢 (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese, in reference to clans purportedly originating from China.^[2][4][3] Appears to be cognate with 文 / 紋 / 綾 / 絢 (aya, “a pattern or design; a pattern of diagonally interweaving lines; twill; how something fits together, the reason or background of a thing; skillful expression in color or words; melody, tune”), possibly in distant reference to technologies and cultural practices brought to Japan by the original Chinese immigrants.

• IPA^(key): [a̠ja̠]

漢(あや) • (Aya) 

1. short for 漢氏 (Aya uji): name of one of two ancient clans, purportedly descendants from Han Chinese, and notable historically for major achievements in fields including literature, diplomacy, and finance, among others
   1. 東漢 (Yamato no Aya)
   2. 西漢 (Kawachi no Aya)

Kanji in this term
漢
おとこ Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
漢 (kyūjitai)

Rare alternative spelling for 男 (otoko, “man”), from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.

See the 男 entry for the derivation of the reading.

• (Tokyo) おとこ [òtókóꜜ] (Odaka – [3])^[4][6][5]
• IPA^(key): [o̞to̞ko̞]

漢(おとこ) • (otoko) ^{←をとこ (wotoko)?}

1. (slang) Rare spelling of 男 (“man”).
   • 2004 July 7, Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第(だい)26(にじゅうろく)話(わ)　トレーニング・デイ”, in 武(ブ)装(ソウ)錬(レン)金(キン), volume 3, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 161:

     漢(おとこ)は背(せ)中(なか)で人(じん)生(せい)を語(かた)る！キミのベストポーズでスーパーアピール‼

     Otoko wa senaka de jinsei o kataru! Kimi no besuto pōzu de sūpā apīru‼

     Men show what life is with their backs! Strike your best pose to drive home your point!!

From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	한〮 (Yale: hán)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575	하ᄂᆞᆯ (Yale: hanol)	한 (Yale: han)

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠(ː)n]
• Phonetic hangul: [한(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Wikisource

漢 (eumhun 한나라 한 (Hannara han))

1. hanja form^? of 한 (“Sino-, China”) [affix]
2. hanja form^? of 한 (“man; person”) [suffix]
3. hanja form^? of 한 (“Han dynasty”) [proper noun]

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

漢: Hán Nôm readings: Hán

1. Of or relating to China

1. 漢喃 (Hán Nôm) Vietnamese made Chinese characters