Phytodinosauria
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| Phytodinosauria Temporal range:
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| Holotype specimen of Brontosaurus excelsus (YPM 1980), Peabody Museum of Natural History | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | †Phytodinosauria Bakker, 1986 |
| Subgroups | |
Phytodinosauria is a group of dinosaurs proposed in 1986, combining the Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia as sister groups, conceptualized as a superorder of herbivorous dinosaurs excluding the carnivorous Theropoda. This hypothesis has been refuted by modern cladistic analysis, showing such a group to be polyphyletic. Modern studies either combine the Theropoda and Sauropodormorpha in the Saurischia or the Theropoda and Ornithischia in the Ornithoscelida.
History
[edit]In 1888, Harry Govier Seeley divided the Dinosauria into two groups, the Saurischia and the Ornithischia, based on the structure of their pelvis.[1] Since then, it became common to keep these groups separate, even to the extent of considering the Dinosauria to be polyphyletic, not forming a natural group but being just an informal name for unrelated large Archosauria.[2]
In 1974 however, Robert "Bob" Bakker and Peter Malcolm Galton successfully defended the monophyly of the Dinosauria, arguing that the Saurischia and Ornithischia were real sister groups.[2] While discussing this hypothesis in 1976, both Alan Jack Charig and José Fernando Bonaparte pointed out that the saurischian pelvic shape is not a valid diagnostic new trait or synapomorphy but a basal character inherited from reptilian ancestors or symplesiomorphy, which suggested the possibility that the two main saurischian groups, the Theropoda and Sauropodomorpha, are not closely related.[3][4]
Bakker and Galton had based their analysis on a study of the basal sauropodomorph Anchisaurus, showing that it had many traits in common with the Ornithischia. Bakker now began to consider the possibility that, in view of the lack of proof for a close relationship between theropods and sauropodomorphs, the 1974 study indicated that Sauropodomorpha were more closely related to the ornithischian dinosaurs than to theropods. In 1986, Bakker openly proposed this in his book The Dinosaur Heresies:
Therefore all the plant-eating dinosaurs of every sort really constitute one, single, natural group branching out from one ancestor, a primitive anchisaurlike dinosaur. And a new name is required for this grand family of vegetarians. So I hereby christen them the Phytodinosauria, the "plant dinosaurs".
Both sauropodomorphs and ornithischians are characterized by their “blunt, spoon-crowned teeth suitable for cropping plants” and these would not be an instance of convergent evolution, both groups adapting to a herbivorous mode of living, but a sign they were descended from a plant-eating common ancestor. Bakker classified the Phytodinosauria as a superorder of mostly herbivorous dinosaurs within the Dinosauria.[5]
Even before 1986, authors had combined the sauropodomorphs and ornithischians. Freelance researcher Gregory S. Paul in 1984 considered therizinosaurs — then known as "segnosaurs" — to be the "relics of the prosauropod-ornithischian transition".[6] In his 1988 book Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide he repeated his hypothesis that therizinosaurs were late-surviving basal sauropodomorphs.[7] In 1985, Michael Robert Cooper placed the sauropodomorphs and ornithischians in a cohort Ornithischiformes. This was based on two synapomorphies, regarding the shape and placement of the teeth.[8]
Bonaparte, Bakker, and Paul argued that ornithischians were descended from basal sauropodomorphs, with segnosaurs being transitional taxa as depicted in the phylogeny below.
| Dinosauria |
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The Phytodinosauria hypothesis is not supported by current data: most phylogenies maintain a monophyletic Saurischia.[9] In such a phylogeny therizinosaurs are maniraptoran dinosaurs more closely related to birds, and any similarity between sauropodomorphs and ornithischians is due to convergence.[10] In 2017, an analysis did split the Saurischia but to the contrary proposed that it were the theropods that are more closely related to ornithischians, instead of the sauropodomorphs.[11] However, in a series of additional phylogenetic analyses that were carried out by Parry, Baron and Vinther (2017), Phytodinosauria was recovered, but only when using certain optimality criteria and once certain modifications had been made to original morphological dataset of Baron, Norman and Barrett (2017). They recovered a polytomy showing herrerasaurs, Eodromaeus, Daemonosaurus, theropods, and a clade that includes Guaibasauridae and Phytodinosauria as shown below:[12]
| Dinosauromorpha |
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See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Seeley H.G. (1888). "On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 43 (258–265): 165–171. Bibcode:1887RSPS...43..165S. doi:10.1098/rspl.1887.0117.
- ^ a b Bakker, Robert T.; Galton, Peter M. (1974). "Dinosaur monophyly and a new class of vertebrates". Nature. 248 (5444): 168–172. Bibcode:1974Natur.248..168B. doi:10.1038/248168a0. S2CID 4220935.
- ^ Charig, A. J. (1976). "Dinosaur monophyly and a new class of vertebrates: A critical review". Morphology and Biology of Reptiles. London, UK. pp. 65–104.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Bonaparte, J. F. (1976). "Pisanosaurus mertii Casamiquela and the origin of the Ornithischia". Journal of Paleontology. 50 (5): 808–820.
- ^ Bakker, Robert T. (1986). The Dinosaur Heresies. William Morrow. ISBN 9780688042875.
- ^ Paul, G.S. (1984). "The segnosaurian dinosaurs: Relics of the prosauropod-ornithischian transition?". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 4 (4): 507–515. Bibcode:1984JVPal...4..507P. doi:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012026.
- ^ Paul, G. S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A complete illustrated guide. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671619466.
- ^ Cooper, M. R. (1985). "A revision of the Ornithischian dinosaur Kangnasaurus coetzeei Haughton, with a classification of the Ornithischia". Annals of the South African Museum. 95 (8): 281–317.
- ^ Cabreira, S.F.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; da Silva, L.R.; Bronzati, M.; de Almeida Marsola, J.C.; Müller, R.T.; de Souza Bittencourt, J.; Batista, B.J.; Raugust, T.; Carrilho, R.; Brodt, A.; Langer, M.C. (2016). "A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet". Current Biology. 26 (22): 3090–3095. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.3090C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040. PMID 27839975.
- ^ Russell, D.A.; Dong, Z. (1993). "The affinities of a new theropod from the Alxa Desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 30 (10): 2107–2127. Bibcode:1993CaJES..30.2107R. doi:10.1139/e93-183.
- ^ Baron M.G., Norman D.B., Barrett P.M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution". Nature. 543 (7646): 501–506. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..501B. doi:10.1038/nature21700. PMID 28332513. S2CID 205254710.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Parry, Luke A.; Baron, Matthew G.; Vinther, Jakob (2017). "Multiple optimality criteria support Ornithoscelida". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (10): 170833. Bibcode:2017RSOS....470833P. doi:10.1098/rsos.170833. PMC 5666269. PMID 29134086.