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Politics of Rwanda

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Politics of Rwanda

Politique en Rwanda (French)
Siasa ya Rwanda (Swahili)
Seal of Rwanda
Polity typeDe facto: one-party state
Nominally unitary dominant-party semi-presidential constitutional republic
ConstitutionConstitution of Rwanda
Legislative branch
NameParliament
TypeBicameral
Upper house
NameSenate
Presiding officerAugustin Iyamuremye, Speaker of the Senate
Lower house
NameChamber of Deputies
Presiding officerDonatille Mukabalisa, Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies
Executive branch
Head of state
TitlePresident of Rwanda
CurrentlyPaul Kagame
AppointerDirect popular vote
Head of government
TitlePrime Minister
CurrentlyÉdouard Ngirente
AppointerPresident
Cabinet
NameCabinet of Rwanda
Current cabinetKagame government
LeaderPresident
Deputy leaderPrime Minister
AppointerPresident
Judicial branch
Supreme Court of Rwanda
Chief judgeFaustin Ntezilyayo
Politics of Rwanda
Constitution
Government
Parliament
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
United Nations in Rwanda

Rwanda is a de facto one-party state[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] ruled by the Rwandan Patriotic Front and its leader Paul Kagame since the end of the 1994 genocide against members of the Tutsi ethnic group.[8][9][10] Although Rwanda is nominally democratic, elections are manipulated in various ways, which include banning opposition parties, arresting or assassinating critics, and electoral fraud.[11]

Rwandan law developed from Belgian and German civil law systems[12] and customary law takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential republic, whereby the President of Rwanda is the head of state with significant executive power, with the Prime Minister of Rwanda being the constitutional head of government.

Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. On 5 May 1995, the Transitional National Assembly adopted a new constitution which included elements of the constitution of 18 June 1991 as well as provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding.

National legislature

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In Rwanda the Chamber of Deputies is composed of eighty Deputies. Among them, fifty-three Deputies are elected by direct universal suffrage in secret, elected from a fixed list of names of candidates proposed by political organizations or independent candidates; twenty-four women elected by specific electoral colleges in accordance with the national administrative entities; two Deputies elected by the National Youth Council; one Deputy elected by the National Council of Persons with Disabilities.

Senate is composed of twenty six members. Among them, there are twelve Senators elected by the specific councils in accordance with the administrative entities; eight Senators appointed by the President of the Republic; four Senators designated by the National Forum of Political organizations; one Senator elected among lecturers and researchers of Public Universities and higher learning institutions; and one Senator elected among lecturers and researchers of Private Universities and higher learning institutions.[13]

Historical background

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Main articles: History of Rwanda, German East Africa, and Ruanda-Urundi

After its military victory in July 1994, the Rwandese Patriotic Front organized a coalition government similar to that established by President Juvénal Habyarimana in 1992. Called The Broad Based Government of National Unity, its fundamental law is based on a combination of the constitution, the Arusha accords, and political declarations by the parties. The MRND party was outlawed.

Political organizing was banned until 2003. The first post-Genocide of Tutsi, presidential and legislative elections were held in August and September 2003, respectively.

The biggest problems facing the government were the reintegration of more than 2 million refugees returning from as long ago as 1959; the end of the insurgency and counter-insurgency among ex-military and Interahamwe militia and the Rwandan Patriotic Army, which is concentrated in the north and south west; and the shift away from crisis to medium- and long-term development planning. The prison population will continue to be an urgent problem for the foreseeable future, having swelled to more than 100,000 in the 3 years after the war.

The government prohibits any form of discrimination by gender, ethnicity, race or religion. The government has passed laws prohibiting emphasis on Hutu or Tutsi identity in most types of political activity.

Political-economical focus

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From 2005 to 2010 the political headcount ration on national poverty lines decreased by more than 10 percent and the life expectancy of about 64 years is higher than that of similar Sub-Sahara African countries as well as other low income countries.[14]

In 2011, Rwanda's CO2 emissions totaled 0.1 metric tons per capita, which was much lower than similar Sub-Sahara African countries as well as other low income countries. Rwanda´s school enrollment rate is much higher than similar Sub-Sahara African countries as well as other low income countries.[14]

As of 2014, Rwanda was still considered a low income country with $7.890 billion GDP, based on U.S. dollars, with a total population of 11.34 million people.[14]

As of 2015 Rwanda had made a shift towards economic improvement, centralizing its foreign exchange around coffee and tea production, "helping to reduce poverty and inequality". The World Bank has praised Rwanda´s efforts.[15] Kagame has reached out to large companies, such as Costco and Starbucks, who as of 2015 were the two largest buyers of Rwandan coffee beans.[16]

Executive branch

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Further information: Cabinet of Rwanda
Main office-holders
Office Name Party Since
President Paul Kagame Rwandese Patriotic Front 24 March 2000
Prime Minister Édouard Ngirente Social Democratic Party 30 August 2017

The President of Rwanda is elected for a seven-year term by the people. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the president. The president has numerous powers that include creating policy in conjunction with the Cabinet, signing presidential orders, put into effect the prerogative of mercy, negotiating and passing treaties, commanding the armed forces, and declaring war or a state of crisis.[12]

Current Presidential Overview

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The current President of Rwanda is Paul Kagame, born in 1957. He is the 6th President of Rwanda[17] and was elected in 2003. In 2007, the former president, Pasteur Bizimungu, was released from prison on a presidential pardon. Kagame was reelected in 2010, receiving 93.1 percent of the votes cast.[18] Since taking office, Kagame has raised business, reduced crime and corruption, and has attracted the likes of many foreign investors.[19]

Kagame has not groomed anyone to be his successor, so there is nothing that points to who his successor could or should be.[19]

President Paul Kagame and his Rwandan Patriotic Front are the dominant political forces in Rwanda. There is only one registered opposition party and many political opponents have fled into exile.[20]

President Kagame received military training in Uganda, Tanzania and the United States.[17] He was a founding member of current Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni's rebel army in 1979 and headed its intelligence wing, helping Mr Museveni take power in 1986.[17]

Legislative branch

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The Parliament (Inteko Ishinga Amategeko or Parlement) has two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies (Umutwe w'Abadepite/Chambre des Députés) has 80 members, 53 of them elected for a five-year term by proportional representation with a 5% threshold, 24 (female members) elected by provincial councils, 2 by the National Youth Council and 1 by the Federation of the Associations of the Disabled. It is the only legislative chamber in the world where women (45) outnumber men (35).[21]

The Senate (Umutwe wa Sena or Sénat) has 26 members elected or appointed for an eight-year term: 12 elected by provincial and sectoral councils, 8 appointed by the president to ensure the representation of historically marginalized communities, 4 by the Forum of political formations and 2 elected by the staff of the universities. Additional former presidents can request to be member of the senate. Rwanda is a one party dominant state with the Rwanda Patriotic Front in power. Opposition parties are allowed, and are represented in Parliament, but are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.

Political parties and elections

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For other political parties, see List of political parties in Rwanda. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Rwanda.

Judicial branch

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The Supreme Court of Rwanda is the highest judicial power in Rwanda. It and the High Council of the Judiciary oversee the courts of lower ordinary jurisdictions and courts of the special jurisdictions in Rwanda. The Supreme Court consists of the Court President, Vice President, and 12 judges.[22]

Established in 2001, the Gacaca Court was established by the National Unity Government to try cases of genocide against the Tutsis.[22]

Judges are nominated by the president of the republic, after consulting with the Cabinet and the Superior Council of the Judiciary. They are then approved by the Senate. The court president and vice president are appointed for 8-year nonrenewable terms.[22]

With regard to the legal profession, although the Rwanda Bar Association has been in existence since at least 1997,[23] there is no clear indication as to how certain demographic groups, such as women, have fared in the legal field.

Decentralization system

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Main article: Decentralization in Rwanda

Rwanda is composed of 4 provinces and capital city, 30 districts, 416 sectors, 2,148 cells and 14,837 villages.[24] The four provinces, headed by a governor include the Northern, Southern, Eastern and the Western Provinces. The districts, formerly known as communes, are headed by mayors, two vice mayors, and a district council. As of 2006, Kigali has 3 districts, the Northern Province has 5, the Southern Province has 8, and both the Eastern and Western Provinces have 7 districts. Sectors are responsible for implementing and developing programs which deliver services for the social welfare of the population and promote good governance. Sectors are governed by an Executive Secretary and Sector Council. The council includes representatives of cells; members representing persons with disabilities, women, and youth; members representing all primary and secondary schools; members representing health service organizations; and members representing NGOs and cooperative societies. Cells are administrative providers of public services and development. They are governed by an Executive Secretary and Cell Council, whose membership is similar to that of the Sector Council. Villages are governed by A Village Council, an executive committee, and a village head. The Village council is made up of all residents who are at least 18. The executive committee are elected members who provide services to the community, such as information and training, social welfare, and security.[25]

Key ministers

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[1]

Main article: Cabinet of Rwanda

Ministers of State

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  • Minister of State in the Ministry of Local Government in charge of Social Affairs: Assumpta Ingabire
  • Minister of State in the Ministry of Justice in Charge of Constitutional and Legal Affairs: Amb. Solina Nyirahabimana
  • Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning in charge of Economic Planning: Dr. Claudine Uwera
  • Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning in Charge of the National Treasury: Richard Tusabe
  • Minister of State in the Ministry of Education in charge of Primary and Secondary Education: Gaspard Twagirayezu
  • Minister of State in the Ministry of Education in Charge of ICT and TVET Education: Irere Claudette
  • Minister of State in the Ministry of Health in charge of Primary Healthcare: Lt Col Dr. Tharcisse Mpunga
  • Minister of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation in charge of the East African Community: Prof. Manasseh Nshuti
  • Minister of State of the Ministry of Youth and Culture: Sandrine Umutoni[26]
  • Minister of State of the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources: Prof. Jean Chrysostome Ngabitsinze

Other Cabinet Members

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International organization participation

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Rwanda is member of ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Rwanda joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 2009, making the country one of only two in the Commonwealth without a British colonial past;[27] the other being the former Portuguese colony Mozambique.

References

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  1. ^ Holmes, Georgina (2014). "Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment". Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 8 (4): 321–333. doi:10.1080/17502977.2014.964449. S2CID 144474675.
  2. ^ Thomson, Susan (2018). Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace. Yale University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-300-23591-3.
  3. ^ Ph.D, Joseph Sebarenzi; Twagiramungu, Noel (8 April 2019). "Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime". The Conversation. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  4. ^ Waldorf, Lars (2005). "Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice". Handbook of Restorative Justice. Routledge. p. ?. ISBN 978-0-203-34682-2.
  5. ^ Beswick, Danielle (2011). "Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011". Third World Quarterly. 32 (10): 1911–1930. doi:10.1080/01436597.2011.610593. S2CID 153404360.
  6. ^ Bowman, Warigia (2015). Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State. University of Chicago Press. p. 87. doi:10.7208/9780226276663-004 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-0-226-27666-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  7. ^ Reyntjens, Filip (2011). "Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 12 (2): 64–69. ISSN 1526-0054. JSTOR 43133887.
  8. ^ "Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations". www.un.org. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  9. ^ Stroh, Alexander (2010). "Electoral rules of the authoritarian game: undemocratic effects of proportional representation in Rwanda". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 4 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/17531050903550066. S2CID 154910536.
  10. ^ Matfess, Hilary (2015). "Rwanda and Ethiopia: Developmental Authoritarianism and the New Politics of African Strong Men". African Studies Review. 58 (2): 181–204. doi:10.1017/asr.2015.43. S2CID 143013060.
  11. ^ Waldorf, Lars (2017). "The Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame". In Themnér, Anders (ed.). Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics (PDF). Bloomsbury Academic / Nordic Africa Institute. ISBN 978-1-78360-248-3.
  12. ^ a b "Politics in Rwanda | About Rwanda". www.aboutrwanda.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  13. ^ a b "EIUCountry Login". country.eiu.com. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  14. ^ a b c World Bank (2015). "Rwanda | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  15. ^ "Rwanda country profile - Overview - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  16. ^ "Rwanda Rising: A New Model of Economic Development". Fast Company. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  17. ^ a b c "Profile: Rwanda's President Paul Kagame - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  18. ^ "Rwanda: Constitution and politics | The Commonwealth". thecommonwealth.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  19. ^ a b "King Paul". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  20. ^ "20 Years After Genocide, Rwanda Prospers but Political Freedom Remains Elusive". VOA. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  21. ^ "Revealed: The best and worst places to be a woman". independent.co.uk. 4 March 2012.
  22. ^ a b c "Rwanda Judicial branch - Government". www.indexmundi.com. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  23. ^ "About". rwandabar.org.rw. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  24. ^ COUNTRY PROFILE 2017–18, Commonwealth Local Government Forum. "THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN RWANDA" (PDF). www.clgf.org.uk/. Retrieved 27 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "Administrative Structure". Ministry of Local Government. Kigali, Rwanda: Government of Rwanda. 2020. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  26. ^ "Ms. Sandrine Umutoni Appointed as the Minister of State for Youth". Ministry of Youth.
  27. ^ "Rwanda admitted to Commonwealth". 29 November 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
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