Samuel Leonard Tilley

The Honourable Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley KCMG CB PC
Tilley in 1864
4th & 7th Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick
In office 11 November 1885 – 21 September 1893
Monarch	Victoria
Premier	Andrew George Blair
Preceded by	Robert Duncan Wilmot
Succeeded by	John Boyd
In office 15 November 1873 – 11 July 1878
Monarch	Victoria
Premier	George Edwin King John James Fraser
Preceded by	Lemuel Allan Wilmot
Succeeded by	Edward Barron Chandler
Premier of the Colony of New Brunswick
In office 19 March 1861 – 21 September 1865
Monarch	Victoria
Governor	John Manners-Sutton Arthur Hamilton-Gordon
Preceded by	Charles Fisher
Succeeded by	Albert James Smith
Personal details
Born	8 May 1818 Gagetown, New Brunswick
Died	25 June 1896(1896-06-25) (aged 78) Saint John, New Brunswick
Political party	Conservative
Spouses	Julia Hanford (1843–1862, her death Alice Chipman (1867–1896, his death)
Children	10, including Leonard Percy de Wolfe Tilley

Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley KCMG CB PC (May 8, 1818 – June 25, 1896) was a Canadian politician and one of the Fathers of Confederation.^[1] Tilley was descended from United Empire Loyalists on both sides of his family. As a pharmacist, he went into business as a druggist.

Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley was born in Gagetown, New Brunswick, on May 8, 1818,^[2] to a storekeeper named Thomas Morgan Tilley, and Susan Ann Peters, both of whom had descended from American loyalists.^[3]

Samuel Leonard Tilley entered politics as an activist in the temperance movement. As a result of the 1848 recession, caused in part by Britain's economic policies, he became an advocate for responsible government. Tilley later joined the New Brunswick Colonial Association, which advocated for the colony's own control over its public expenses, the establishment of a public school system, government control of public works, and "honest government" in general.

First elected to the New Brunswick Assembly as a Liberal in 1850, he sat in opposition until the 1854 election swept the reformers to power. Tilley became Provincial Secretary in the government of Charles Fisher. In 1855 he persuaded the assembly to pass a prohibition law, but that proved a failure and was later repealed.^[4]

He attended each of the Charlottetown, London, and Quebec City Conferences as a supporter of Canadian Confederation. He served as premier of the colony of New Brunswick from 1861 until his government was defeated in the election of 1865. As premier, he supported the New Brunswick's entry into Confederation and the construction of an intercolonial railway.

A common tale states that Tilley was the originator of the word "Dominion" in Canada's name. The Fathers of Confederation had been discussing what to prefix Canada with, Kingdom of Canada being Macdonald's preference. During morning devotions, in St Andrew's in the backyard of his cousin, Dr Samuel Tilley GOVE, (the editor's great-great-grandfather, who also has the Psalter used by Tilley), before the two of them headed down the street to Church, Tilley read Psalm 72:8, which states "He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth", and presented this inspiration to the others, being as their ambition was to stretch the new nation to the Pacific Ocean and from the St Lawrence River to the North Pole. "Dominion" had been used before, but Tilley pushed hard for it to be adopted in reference to Canada, despite Macdonald's preference.

The term led to the naming of the July 1 national holiday; however, the reference to a unique Canadian historical development was discarded in 1982 when "Canada Day", which had already been in use by most Canadians, was made official by an act of Parliament. In French, the date had long been known as la fête nationale (national feast or national birthday), a date which is often now applied to June 24 in Quebec, a date officially known as Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day.

Tilley entered federal politics with Confederation in 1867 and served in the federal cabinet as Minister of Customs. He became Minister of Finance in 1873 and served until the defeat of the government later that year. He was appointed the fourth Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick in 1873 and served until 1878. When Macdonald's Tories returned to power in 1878, Tilley was elected member for Saint John and again became minister of finance; while in that office he introduced protective tariffs which became the basis of Canadian financial policy.^[4] He served in cabinet until his retirement from politics in 1885, when he was again appointed the seventh Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick.

The Sir Leonard Tilley Building was named in his honour. He is interred in the Fernhill Cemetery in Saint John, New Brunswick.

On May 6, 1843, Tilley married Julia Ann Hanford in Saint John, New Brunswick; they had eight children. Hanford died in 1862, leaving Tilley a widower. On October 22, 1867, he married Alice Starr Chipman in St. Stephen, New Brunswick; they had two children, including future New Brunswick Premier Leonard Percy de Wolfe Tilley. Samuel Leonard Tilley died in 1896 on June 25.^[3]

Tilley, then-Minister of Customs, married his second wife on October 20, 1867. Alice Starr Chipman was the daughter of ship owner (The Cedars) Zachariah Chipman and his wife Mary Eliza. The couple had two sons Herbert Chipman Tilley, born September 6, 1868, and Leonard Percy DeWolfe Tilley, born May 21, 1870. In July 1884, he and his wife were presented to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, at Osborne, by the Princess Louise. The couple were activists in the temperance movement. During the 13 years the couple lived at Government House, Fredericton no intoxicants were in use at their entertainments. Alice was instrumental in the founding of the Victoria College Hospital at Fredericton, New Brunswick. She helped found the Industrial School for Boys, the Nurses`Home, the Seamen's Mission and the Home for Consumptives at Saint John, New Brunswick. The Chipman homestead in St. Stephen, New Brunswick was donated by the heirs of the estate in 1902 to found the Chipman Memorial Hospital. Alice was a founding member of the National Council of Women and served as President of the St John Local Council of Women.^[5]

There is a Samuel Leonard Tilley fonds at Library and Archives Canada.^[6]

• Samuel Leonard Tilley – Parliament of Canada biography
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tilley, Sir Samuel Leonard" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 976.
• Browning, Thomas Blair (1898). "Tilley, Samuel Leonard" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 56. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 390–391.
• Buckner, Phillip. "Tilley, Sir Samuel Leonard (1818–1896)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27446. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Wallace, C.M. (1990). "Tilley, Sir Samuel Leonard". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.

• Hannay, James (1897). The life and times of Sir Leonard Tilley, being a political history of New Brunswick for the past seventy years. Saint John, New Brunswick.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

• Queens County Heritage