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Michela Gallagher

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Michela Gallagher
Gallagher speaks to the National Institute on Aging in 2017
Alma materUniversity College London, Colgate University, University of Vermont
AwardsMika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award
Scientific career
InstitutionsUniversity of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Johns Hopkins University, AgeneBio
ThesisThe effects of norepinephrine manipulations in the amygdala on time-dependent memory processes (1977)

Michela Gallagher is an American cognitive psychologist and neuroscientist. She is the Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University. Her scientific work has changed the model of neurocognitive aging, and developed new indices for its study. Previously, work had focused on neurodegeneration as a primary cause of memory loss.

Gallagher's research suggests that age-related declines in cognition may also occur in the absence of neurodegeneration, due to malfunctioning rather than dying off. Gallagher is also the founder and CEO of AgeneBio, a company which aims to develop a cure for Alzheimer's disease.

Education and career

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Gallagher did her first degree at University College London, where she majored in fine art. She transferred to Colgate University in New York in her last year.[1] She graduated from Colgate University in 1969, in its first class to include women.[1][2] She was among the first two women at Colgate to receive a Bachelor of Arts degree, and she was the first woman to go on to receive her doctorate.[1]

Her interest in the visual arts sparked her interest in the visual system and neuroscience, and she also became interested in memory.[1] Gallagher went on to the University of Vermont,[1] graduating with a PhD in neuroscience in 1977. Her thesis was titled The effects of norepinephrine manipulations in the amygdala on time-dependent memory processes.[2][3]

Gallagher then worked at the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, where she was the Kenan Professor of Psychology. She joined Johns Hopkins University in 1997.[2][4][5] She became the chair of the Department of Psychological and Brain Science at Johns Hopkins in 2000, holding the position until 2007.[2][6][7] She became the Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience in 2003.[8] She became Vice Provost of Academic Affairs in 2008,[9] holding the appointment for four years.[2] She also leads the Neurogenetics and Behavior Center, located at Johns Hopkins University.[10]

Gallagher was the editor-in-chief of Behavioral Neuroscience from 1995 to 2001.[6] She is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS),[5] and a fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA),[11] the Association for Psychological Science, and the Society for Neuroscience (SfN)[12] among others. She founded AgeneBio in 2008, which focuses on finding new treatments for Alzheimer's disease.[2]

Research

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Gallagher studies age-related changes in the brain. Her scientific work has changed the model of neurocognitive aging.[13] Beginning in the 1950s, work had focused on neurodegeneration as a primary cause of memory loss. Gallagher's research suggests that brain cells are malfunctioning rather than just dying off. This has led researchers to investigate a wide range of neural mechanisms and different possible interventions.[6][13]

"This is terrific, because if neurodegeneration is not a primary cause of the impairment that we see in the elderly, and if we don't have to find ways to replace missing nerve cells [through] nerve cell transplants and so forth, then the challenge of maximizing the potential of the elderly suddenly becomes much more tractable". – Michela Gallagher, 2001[6]

Over a number of years, Gallagher has developed a model for the controlled study of natural aging and age-related memory loss, using Long-Evans rats. The rats are bred to age well, and Gallagher studies them over their entire lifetime. During that time, they are carefully looked after, and protected from exposure to germs and viruses. Measures of the rats' memory and cognition abilities have been developed for use in water mazes.[6]

With Rebecca Burwell and Margaret Burchinal (1993), Gallagher developed new measures of spatial learning for use with the Morris water navigation task (often referred to as the Morris water maze).[14][15] These included "the cumulative search error during learning trials, the average proximity during probe trials, and the spatial learning index to quantify overall learning of the task across days."[14][16] The impact of these measures in the field is significant.[14] Researchers reference measures such as "Gallagher’s proximity-index"[17] and the "Gallagher-Baker indices".[18]

One of Gallagher's fields of study is hyperactivity in the hippocampus,[19][20] which occurs in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and may cause amnestic mild cognitive impairment.[21][22] She found that aging rats with hyperactivity in the hippocampus caused difficulties in completing a memory task.[23][24] Giving these rats levetiracetam reduced these impairments.[21]

Gallagher started the company AgeneBio, which studies treatments for mild cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease.[10][25] One of the therapeutics the company researches is AGB-101, a form of levetiracetam, which targets neuronal hyperactivity in the hippocampus.[10][26][27] This drug was developed for use in epilepsy.[28][29] For this work Gallagher received the Melvin R. Goodes Prize for Excellence in Alzheimer's Drug Discovery from the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation.[10] In addition, the company is studying a drug called GABA-A a5 PAM, which also targets hyperactivity in the hippocampus.[30][31] In 2019 the company received a $3.4m grant for this work.[30]

Honors

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  • 2008: International Behavioral Neuroscience Society Career Achievement Award[32]
  • 2010: D.O. Hebb Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, American Psychological Association[32]
  • 2014: Mika Salpeter Lifetime Achievement Award[12]
  • 2017: Pavlovian Society Gantt Medal[33]
  • 2018: Melvin R. Goodes Prize for Excellence in Alzheimer's Drug Discovery[10]
  • 2019: Honorary degree from the University of Vermont[2]
  • 2019: Estelle Gelman Award for Innovation in Drug Discovery[34]

Selected publications

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Mayne, Aleta (1 November 2019). "She's the One". Colgate Magazine. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Honorary Degree Recipient: Michela Gallagher". University of Vermont. 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  3. ^ "UVM Theses and Dissertations | Howe Library". University of Vermont Libraries. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  4. ^ "CHAIRS and PANELISTS". Reserve and Resilience. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  5. ^ a b Homewood, Emil Venere (9 June 1997). "Gallagher Ably Filling Olton's Shoes". The Gazette. 26 (37). The Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e Purdy, Michael (2001). "Gray Matters". Johns Hopkins Magazine. 53 (3). Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  7. ^ "Krieger-Eisenhower Professorships". Johns Hopkins University. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  8. ^ "Five Profs Named to Krieger-Eisenhower Chairs". The Gazette. Vol. 32, no. 38. The Johns Hopkins University. 23 June 2003. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  9. ^ "Periodic Review Report presented by Johns Hopkins University Ronald J. Daniels, President presented to Middle States Commission on Higher Education June 1, 2009" (PDF). The Johns Hopkins University. 1 June 2009. p. 4. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Dr. Michela Gallagher Wins Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation's Prestigious Goodes Prize | Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation". Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  11. ^ Packard, Erika (2007). "A Closer Look The biology of behavior". Monitor on Psychology. 38 (7): 86. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  12. ^ a b Reeves, Tracey (17 November 2014). "Johns Hopkins neuroscientist Michela Gallagher to receive Lifetime Achievement Award". The Hub. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Michela Gallagher, PhD,Johns Hopkins University, PLENARY PRESENTATION" (PDF). 10th International Conference on Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery, 14–15 September 2009, Jersey City, New Jersey. 2009. p. 13. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  14. ^ a b c Tomás Pereira, Inês; Burwell, Rebecca D. (August 2015). "Using the spatial learning index to evaluate performance on the water maze". Behavioral Neuroscience. 129 (4): 533–539. doi:10.1037/bne0000078. PMC 5077721. PMID 26214218.
  15. ^ Gallagher, Michela; Burwell, Rebecca; Burchinal, Margaret R. (1993). "Severity of spatial learning impairment in aging: Development of a learning index for performance in the Morris water maze". Behavioral Neuroscience. 107 (4): 618–626. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.107.4.618. PMC 5640430. PMID 26214219.
  16. ^ Foreman, Nigel; Gillett, Raphael, eds. (1997). Handbook of spatial research. Paradigms and methodologies. Psychology Press. p. 150. ISBN 9781138877269.
  17. ^ Bimonte-Nelson, Heather A. (2015). The maze book : theories, practice, and protocols for testing rodent cognition. New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London: Springer. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4939-2158-4.
  18. ^ "What are the Gallagher-Baker indices in Water Maze?". HVS Image. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  19. ^ "Reducing brain activity improves memory after cognitive decline". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  20. ^ Stern, Robert A.; Alosco, Michael L., eds. (7 May 2019). The Oxford handbook of adult cognitive disorders. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–10. ISBN 9780190664145. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  21. ^ a b Setti, Sharay E.; Hunsberger, Holly C.; Reed, Miranda N. (December 2017). "Alterations in hippocampal activity and Alzheimer's disease". Translational Issues in Psychological Science. 3 (4): 348–356. doi:10.1037/tps0000124. PMC 5972837. PMID 29862310.
  22. ^ Stargardt, Anita; Swaab, Dick F.; Bossers, Koen (1 January 2015). "The storm before the quiet: neuronal hyperactivity and Aβ in the presymptomatic stages of Alzheimer's disease". Neurobiology of Aging. 36 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.014. ISSN 0197-4580. PMID 25444609. S2CID 207161688.
  23. ^ McGarrity, Stephanie; Mason, Rob; Fone, Kevin C.; Pezze, Marie; Bast, Tobias (22 August 2016). "Hippocampal Neural Disinhibition Causes Attentional and Memory Deficits". Cerebral Cortex. 27 (9): 4447–4462. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw247. PMID 27550864.
  24. ^ Koh, Ming Teng; Haberman, Rebecca P.; Foti, Stacey; McCown, Thomas J.; Gallagher, Michela (2010). "Treatment strategies targeting excess hippocampal activity benefit aged rats with cognitive impairment". Neuropsychopharmacology. 35 (4): 1016–1025. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.207. ISSN 1740-634X. PMC 2820138. PMID 20032967.
  25. ^ Aguirre, Lauren. "The Role of Seizures in Alzheimer's Disease Is Gaining Overdue Attention". Scientific American. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  26. ^ "More Evidence That Epilepsy Drug Calms Neurons and Boosts Memory | ALZFORUM". www.alzforum.org. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  27. ^ Bakker, Arnold; Krauss, Gregory L.; Albert, Marilyn S.; Speck, Caroline L.; Jones, Lauren R.; Stark, Craig E.; Yassa, Michael A.; Bassett, Susan S.; Shelton, Amy L.; Gallagher, Michela (10 May 2012). "Reduction of hippocampal hyperactivity improves cognition in amnestic mild cognitive impairment". Neuron. 74 (3): 467–474. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.023. ISSN 0896-6273. PMC 3351697. PMID 22578498.
  28. ^ "Phase 3 Trial of AGB101 Targets Hippocampal Hyperactivity to Slow Progression of MCI". Neurology Live. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  29. ^ Babcock, Stephen (17 September 2015). "This JHU startup is working on a treatment to prevent Alzheimer's". Technical.ly Baltimore. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  30. ^ a b Babcock, Stephen (13 September 2019). "AgeneBio receives $3.4M for development of Alzheimer's treatment". Technical.ly Baltimore. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  31. ^ "AgeneBio Announces Additional Funding to Advance Novel GABA-A Therapeutic Program to Address Alzheimer's and Other CNS Conditions". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  32. ^ a b Klein, Stephen B. (2014). Learning : principles and applications (7thition ed.). SAGE Publications. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-1452271941. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  33. ^ "Awards | Pavlovian Society". Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  34. ^ "T.J. Oshie and Dr. Michela Gallagher Honored at Ninth Annual Great Ladies Luncheon". markets.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
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