Methanethiol

Methanethiol

Names
Preferred IUPAC name Methanethiol
Other names Methyl mercaptan Mercaptomethane Methiol Thiomethyl alcohol/Thiomethanol Methylthiol
Identifiers
CAS Number	74-93-1 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
3DMet	B00105
ChEBI	CHEBI:16007 Y
ChemSpider	855 Y[chemspiders]
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.748
EC Number	200-822-1
KEGG	C00409 Y
PubChem CID	878
RTECS number	PB4375000
UNII	2X8406WW9I Y
UN number	1064
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5026382
InChI InChI=1S/CH3SH/c1-2/h2H,1H3 N Key: LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/CH3SH/c1-2/h2H,1H3 Key: LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYAW
SMILES SC
Properties
Chemical formula	CH3SH
Molar mass	48.11 g·mol−1
Appearance	colorless gas[1]
Odor	Distinctive, like that of rotten cabbage or eggs
Density	0.9 g/mL (liquid at 0°C)[1]
Melting point	−123 °C (−189 °F; 150 K)
Boiling point	5.95 °C (42.71 °F; 279.10 K)
Solubility in water	2%
Solubility	alcohol, ether
Vapor pressure	1.7 atm (20°C)[1]
Acidity (pKa)	~10.4
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H220, H331, H410
Precautionary statements	P210, P261, P271, P273, P304+P340, P311, P321, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	4 4 1
Flash point	−18 °C; 0 °F; 255 K[1]
Autoignition temperature	364 °C; 687 °F; 637 K[3]
Explosive limits	3.9%-21.8%[1]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	60.67 mg/kg (mammal)[2]
LC50 (median concentration)	3.3 ppm (mouse, 2 hr) 675 ppm (rat, 4 hr)[2]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	C 10 ppm (20 mg/m3)[1]
REL (Recommended)	C 0.5 ppm (1 mg/m3) [15-minute][1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	150 ppm[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds	Ethanethiol Hydrogen sulfide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Methanethiol /ˌmɛθ.eɪn.ˈθaɪ.ɒl/ (also known as methyl mercaptan) is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula CH
₃SH. It is a colorless gas with a distinctive putrid smell. It is a natural substance found in the blood, brain and feces of animals (including humans), as well as in plant tissues. It also occurs naturally in certain foods, such as some nuts and cheese. It is one of the chemical compounds responsible for bad breath and the smell of flatus. Methanethiol is the simplest thiol and is sometimes abbreviated as MeSH. It is very flammable.

The molecule is tetrahedral at the carbon atom, like methanol. It is a weak acid, with a pK_a of ~10.4, but is about a hundred thousand times more acidic than methanol. The colorless salt can be obtained in this way:

CH₃SH + CH₃ONa → CH₃SNa + CH₃OH

The resulting thiolate anion is a strong nucleophile.

It can be oxidized to dimethyl disulfide:

2CH₃SH + [O] → CH₃SSCH₃ + H₂O

Further oxidation takes the disulfide to two molecules of methanesulfonic acid, which is odorless. Bleach deodorizes methanethiol in this way.

Methanethiol (MeSH) is released as a by-product of kraft pulping in pulp mills. In kraft pulping, lignin is depolymerized by nucleophilic attack with the strongly nucleophilic hydrosulfide ion (HS⁻) in a highly alkaline medium. However, in a side reaction, HS⁻ attacks methoxyl groups (OMe) in lignin, demethylating them to give free phenolate groups (PhO⁻) and releasing MeSH. Due to alkalinity, MeSH is readily deprotonated (MeSNa), and the formed MeS⁻ ion is also a strong nucleophile, reacting further to dimethyl sulfide. The compounds remain in the liquor and are burned in the recovery boiler, where the sulfur is recovered as sodium sulfide.^[4]

Methanethiol is released from decaying organic matter in marshes and is present in the natural gas of certain regions, in coal tar, and in some crude oils. It occurs in various plants and vegetables, such as radishes.

In surface seawater, methanethiol is the primary breakdown product of the algal metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Marine bacteria appear to obtain most of the sulfur in their proteins by the breakdown of DMSP and incorporation of methanethiol, despite the fact that methanethiol is present in seawater at much lower concentrations than sulfate (~0.3 nM vs. 28 mM). Bacteria in environments both with and without oxygen can also convert methanethiol to dimethyl sulfide (DMS), although most DMS in surface seawater is produced by a separate pathway.^[5] Both DMS and methanethiol can be used by certain microbes as substrates for methanogenesis in some anaerobic soils.

Methanethiol is a byproduct of the metabolism of asparagus.^[6] The production of methanethiol in urine after eating asparagus was once thought to be a genetic trait. More recent research suggests that the peculiar odor is in fact produced by all humans after consuming asparagus, while the ability to detect it (methanethiol being one of many components in "asparagus pee") is in fact the genetic trait.^[7] The chemical components responsible for the change in the odor of urine show as soon as 15 minutes after eating asparagus.^[8]

Methanethiol is prepared commercially by the reaction of methanol with hydrogen sulfide gas over an aluminium oxide catalyst:^[9]

CH₃OH + H₂S → CH₃SH + H₂O

Although impractical, it can be prepared by the reaction of methyl iodide with thiourea.^[10]

Methanethiol is mainly used to produce the essential amino acid methionine, which is used as a dietary component in poultry and animal feed.^[9] Methanethiol is also used in the plastic industry as a moderator for free-radical polymerizations^[9] and as a precursor in the manufacture of pesticides.

This chemical is also used in the natural gas industry as an odorant, as it mixes well with methane. The characteristic rotting vegetation smell of the mix is widely known by natural gas customers as an indicator of a possible gas leak, even a very minor one.^[11]

The safety data sheet (SDS) lists methanethiol as a colorless, flammable gas with an extremely strong and repulsive smell. At very high concentrations it is highly toxic and affects the central nervous system. Its penetrating odor provides warning at dangerous concentrations. An odor threshold of 1 ppb has been reported.^[12] The United States OSHA Ceiling Limit is listed as 10 ppm.

In 2001 a rail car fire of 25,000 US gallons (95,000 L) near Trenton, Michigan left three people dead and nine injured.^[13]

On November 15, 2014, at DuPont's La Porte, Texas facility, 24,000 pounds of methyl mercaptan was released and travelled downwind into surrounding areas, killing four and injuring one other.^[14][15] In 2023, DuPont pleaded guilty to criminal negligence for its role in the leak. The company was ordered to pay a $12 million fine and donate an additional $4 million to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.^[16][17]

On July 14, 2022, there was an accidental release of methanethiol in Charlotte, North Carolina. While there were no injuries, a rare weather event caused the odor to persist for several hours. Many believed they were experiencing a natural gas leak, which led to a high volume of emergency calls and the closure of several local government offices.^[18]

On April 10, 2024, an accidental release^[19] of a higher-than expected level of methyl mercaptan into the natural gas supply was attributed to an "upstream supplier" for Columbia Gas. This release was noticed by residents in at least Richland, Ashland, and Lorain counties in Ohio. Numerous schools cancelled their school day and numerous evacuations took place out of an abundance of caution prior to the understanding of the source of the odor. No known injuries or deaths were reported.

• NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Methyl mercaptan
• CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards