Lemmermannia
| Lemmermannia | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Clade: | Viridiplantae |
| Division: | Chlorophyta |
| Class: | Trebouxiophyceae |
| Order: | incertae sedis |
| Family: | incertae sedis |
| Genus: | Lemmermannia Chodat, 1900 |
| Species | |
Lemmermannia /ˌlɛməɹˈmæniə/ is a genus of fresh water trebouxiophyceans. as of March 2022[update], the genus contains five described species.[1] They form coenobia of 4 to 16 cells.[2] Its type species is L. tetrapedia (Kirchner) Lemmermann, originally described in 1880 but put into the genus Lemmermannia in 1904.[2][3][4]
Etymology
[edit]The genus is named in honor of German botanist Ernst Johann Lemmermann.[5]
History
[edit]In 1880, Kirchner described Staurogenia tetrapedia.[3]
In 1897, Schröder described Tetrapedia emarginata[6]
In 1898, Kuntze moved Staurogenia tetrapedia to the genus Crucigenia, in the name Crucigenia tetrapedia.[7]
In 1900, Chodat described the genus Lemmermannia and used T. emarginata (now L. emarginata) as the type of the new genus.[5]
In 1904, Lemmermann moved Crucigenia tetrapedia into Lemmermannia as Lemmermannia tetrapedia, which was not widely recognized; the old name Crucigenia tetrapedia was kept in use.[2][4] The genus Lemmermannia had been ignored for many years until 2013.[2]
In 2013, Bock et al. found a new clade of algae including Crucigenia tetrapedia and three others using molecular methods.[2] Bock et al. (2013) decided that Crucigenia tetrapedia and Lemmermannia emarginata are the same organism.[2] Since C. tetrapedia was described first (in 1880) and has priority, it is the species name that should be used.[2][3] The type of Lemmermannia thus changed its name, from L. emarginata to L. tetrapedia (Kirchner) Lemmermann 1904.[2] Three other species formerly in the genus Tetrastrum were added to Lemmermannia.[2]
Morphology
[edit]Lemmermannia includes triangular or oval green, planktonic algae that mostly form tightly joined square coenobia of 4 cells, with or without small rectangular opening in the centre.[2] L. komarekii make coenobia of up to 16 cells in the form of near-square synceonobia, where 4 tetrads join together.[2] The cells have a single plastid, with or without a small pyrenoid.[2] All species lack spines, and mostly have smooth cell walls, with or without convexity.[2] A minority of L. punctata individuals, as well as old empty cells of the species, have granules on the outer cell walls.[2]
Metabolism
[edit]Lemmermannia tetrapedia can use hypoxanthine and allantoin as the only nitrogen source for photosynthesis, which indicates that eukaryotic algae share similar purine degradation pathway to higher plants, animals, and fungi.[8]
Reproduction
[edit]Lemmermannia perform asexual reproduction (autosporation by sporangium); sexual reproduction has not been observed.[2]
Lemmermannia species perform two types of reproduction: L. tetrapedia exhibits Crucigenia-type of autosporation where the daughter coenobium rotates 45˚ relative to the cell wall of the mother coenobium; the other four species produce daughter coenobia in the same orientation as the mother coenobia.[2] This demonstrates that in this taxon a Crucigenia-type of autosporation should not be used as a generic character.
Phylogeny
[edit]Molecular phylogenies based on the SSU rDNA and ITS rRNA genes show Lemmermannia to be a sister clade to Botryococcus in Trebouxiophyceae.[2]
Species
[edit]As of March 2022[update], AlgaeBase accepted five species:[1]
- Lemmermannia emarginata (Schröder) Chodat
- Lemmermannia komarekii (Hindák) C.Bock & Krienitz
- Lemmermannia punctata (Schmidle) C.Bock & Krienitz
- Lemmermannia tetrapedia (Kirchner) Lemmermann
- Lemmermannia triangularis (Chodat) C.Bock & Krienitz
Habitat
[edit]All species inhabit freshwater around the globe.[2]
L. tetrapedia has been reported highly susceptible to heavy metals in water.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Lemmermannia". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Bock, C., Luo, W., Kusber, W.-H., Hegewald, E., Pažoutová, M., & Krienitz, L. (2013, April).Classification of crucigenoid algae: phylogenetic position of the reinstated genus Lemmermannia, Tetrastrum spp. Crucigenia tetrapedia, and C. lauterbornii (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) (1). Retrieved April 28, 2020. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12039.
- ^ a b c Kirchner, O. (1880). Beiträge zur Algenflora von Württemberg. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 36: 155-203, pl. II.
- ^ a b Lemmermann, E. (1904). Das Plankton schwedischer Gewässer. Arkiv för Botanik 2 (2): 1-209.
- ^ a b Chodat, R. (1900). Sur trois genres nouveaux de Protococcoidées et sur la florule planktonique d'un Étang du Danemark. Mémoires de L‘Herbier Boissier 8:1–10.
- ^ Schröder, B. (1897). Attheya, Rhizosolenia und andere Planktonorganismen im Teiche des botanischen Gartens zu Breslau. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 15:367–74.
- ^ Kuntze,O.(1898). Revisio generum plantarum. Pars III (3). pp.1-576.
- ^ Prasad, P. V. D. (1983). Hypoxanthine and allantoin as nitrogen sources for the growth of some freshwater green algae. New Phytologist, 93(4), 575–580. Retrieved April 28, 2020. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb02708.x.
- ^ Monteiro, M. T., Oliveira, R., & Vale, C. (1995). Metal stress on the plankton communities of Sado river (Portugal). Water Research, 29(2), 695-701. Retrieved April 28, 2020. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)00156-2.