Ohio Penitentiary

Ohio Penitentiary

The prison c. 1897
Present-day site of the prison
Location	Bounded by Spring St. (to the south), Neil Ave. (west), West St. (east), Maple St. (north)
Coordinates	39°58′3.25″N 83°0′29.92″W / 39.9675694°N 83.0083111°W / 39.9675694; -83.0083111
Status	Demolished
Population	5,235 (as of 1955)
Opened	1834
Closed	1984
City	Columbus
County	Franklin
State/province	Ohio
Country	United States
Notable prisoners
John Hunt Morgan, Bugs Moran, O. Henry, Chester Himes, Sam Sheppard

The Ohio Penitentiary, also known as the Ohio State Penitentiary, was a prison operated from 1834 to 1984 in downtown Columbus, Ohio, in what is now known as the Arena District. The state had built a small prison in Columbus in 1813, but as the state's population grew the earlier facility was not able to handle the number of prisoners sent to it by the courts. When the penitentiary first opened in 1834, not all of the buildings were completed. The prison housed 5,235 prisoners at its peak in 1955. Prison conditions were described as "primitive" and the facility was eventually replaced by the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, a maximum security facility in Lucasville. During its operation, it housed several well-known inmates, including General John H. Morgan, George "Bugs" Moran, O. Henry, Chester Himes, and Sam Sheppard. A separate women's prison was built within its walls in 1837. The buildings were demolished in 1997.^[1]

The prison was completed in 1815, replacing a more primitive one constructed by the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas a mile south in Franklinton. It initially consisted of 13 cells. Its first inmates were two brothers, John and David Evans, who arrived August 15, 1815.^{[2][Note 1]}

Among the wardens of the penitentiary was Charles C. Walcutt, a former general in the Union Army during the Civil War. The prison's final warden was Terry Taylor.^[3]

In 1885, Ohio legislators passed a law requiring executions to take place at the Ohio Penitentiary; prior, local law enforcement were responsible for carrying out executions in the counties where inmates were convicted. The penitentiary first accommodated executions by hanging, starting with the hanging of convicted murderer Valentine Wagner on July 31, 1885.^[4] On July 1, 1896, Ohio's state legislature voted to replace the prison's gallows with the electric chair,^[5][6] thus making Ohio the second state in the United States to adopt and use that method of execution.^[7] Ohio's first executions by electrocution took place on April 21, 1897, when teenager William Haas and 38-year-old William Wiley, both convicted of murder, were executed shortly after midnight; Haas died first at 12:27 am, and Wiley followed minutes later.^[8] The last death sentence carried out at the prison, and Ohio's final electrocution, was that of Donald Reinbolt on March 15, 1963.^[9][10]

A total of 343 inmates were executed at the penitentiary; 28 men were hanged between 1885 and 1896, and 312 men and three women were electrocuted between 1897 and 1963,^[11] as Ohio subsequently experienced a hiatus in executions. In 1972, the prison's electric chair and the state's death row were relocated to the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville, Ohio, although the chair was never used at that location before it was permanently retired in 2001 and donated to the Ohio Historical Society in 2002.^[6][9][10]

There was nothing to do but scream for God to open the doors. And when the doors didn't open, all that was left was to stand still and let the fire burn the meat off and hope it wouldn't be too long about it.^[12]

On April 21, 1930, a major fire killed 322 inmates and hospitalized another 230 in what was one of the deadliest fires in North American prison history. The fire started when a candle ignited oily rags on a roof in the prison's six-story West Block, east of Neil Avenue on the western edge of the prison. It was first noticed after prisoners had been locked in their cells for the evening.^[12]

Reports say that many guards refused to unlock cells when smoke entered the cell block and left the prisoners in their cells, although some did provide help. Some inmates overpowered a guard and took his keys, which they used to rescue other prisoners. A prison riot developed and firefighters arriving to fight the blaze were attacked with rocks.^[13]

A cordon of penitentiary guards was deployed about the towering prison walls. Other squads took up vantage points in guard towers and by this time 500 soldiers from Fort Hayes, a local military post, were on the scene. Machine guns were placed at the gates and on the walls. Bayonets were fixed and the troopers were ordered to shoot to kill. A troop of National Guardsmen soon augmented the regulars, and 30 minutes after the fire started the prison was completely surrounded.^[14]

Prison officials later alleged that three prisoners intentionally started the fire as part of an escape attempt, of whom two were said to have committed suicide in the months after the event. Historians have disputed the veracity of this allegation, suggesting it was a means to divert attention from poor management of the fire.^[12]

The incident was the subject of then-inmate Chester Himes' story "To What Red Hell", published in Esquire in 1934, as well as his 1952 novel Cast the First Stone, republished unabridged in 1998 as Yesterday Will Make You Cry.

The prison was the site of the "Halloween Riot", on October 31, 1952, which left one inmate dead and four injured,^[15] as well as the riot of August 1968, which ended with five dead inmates, five injured inmates and seven injured officers.^[15]

In the 1950s, a prominent virologist named Chester M. Southam injected inmates from the Ohio State Penitentiary with HeLa cells in order to observe if people could be made immune to cancer by developing an acquired immune response.^[16] He compared the results of this experiment to an experiment in which he injected cancer cells into cancer patients, and observed that the prison subjects fought off the cancer faster than the subjects who had cancer.^[16] This case raised many ethical concerns, as many believe that it violated the bioethical principles of informed consent, non-maleficence, and beneficence.^{[citation needed]}

In 1978, Ohio's branch of the American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit on behalf of inmates, who argued in their lawsuit that conditions at the prison were in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment.^[17] By 1979, the penitentiary had been renamed to the Columbus Correctional Facility, and was operating under a federal consent decree that mandated that it be closed by December 1983.^[18] Prior to its closure, the penitentiary experienced overcrowding, as it was rated to hold a maximum capacity of 700 prisoners yet held 1,990 prisoners by November 1983.^[17] The state gradually phased out the prison, moving inmates to other facilities; the last inmate left the facility in August 1984.^[18]

After the closure of the Ohio Penitentiary in 1984,^[11] the building stood vacant for more than a decade, though it was used as a training site for a time by the Ohio National Guard, was briefly known as "The Demon Pen" for Halloween festivities, and attracted a number of urban explorers. The building also served as the setting for the 1985 made-for-TV movie Love on the Run, starring Stephanie Zimbalist and Alec Baldwin. The state eventually sold the property and building to the city of Columbus for development purposes in 1995. Demolition of the site was performed by S.G. Loewendick & Sons.^[19] Before demolition was approved, the Columbus mayor at the time, Buck Rinehart, personally took a wrecking ball to a portion of the building prematurely, and was ordered to have the damage patched.^[20]

The former penitentiary site now sits within the Arena District, with Burnham Square Condominiums, McFerson Commons, and several office buildings and parking garages now standing on the site.^[21]

• 
  Main building in 1997
• 
  Aerial view in 1990
• 
  A cell block in the abandoned prison, shortly before demolition
• 
  A cell in the abandoned prison, shortly before demolition
• 
  The courtyard of the abandoned prison
• 
  Gate to the prison's courtyard

• Dyer, B. F. (1891), History of the Ohio Penitentiary Annex and Prisoners, Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Penitentiary Print
• Hunter, Bob (2012). A Historical Guidebook to Old Columbus: Finding the Past in the Present in Ohio's Capital City. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0821420126. OCLC 886535510.
• Meyers, David; Meyers, Elise (2009), Central Ohio's Historic Prisons, Chicago, Illinois: Arcadia Publishing, ISBN 978-0738560038
• Plummer, Elizabeth L. "Tourism at the Ohio Penitentiary" Timeline Ohio Historical Society January/February 2004 Volume 21 # 1
• Winning James R. "Behind These Walls", The Macmillan Co 1933

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ohio Penitentiary.

• Ohio Penitentiary, Ohio History Central
• The Ohio Penitentiary Archived 2007-12-13 at the Wayback Machine, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction
• Death of a Legend Book Closing on Another Chapter in Ohio History Archived 2007-12-08 at the Wayback Machine (a history of the Ohio Penitentiary), Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction