Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)

Part of a series on
Jewish culture
Languages Hebrew Modern Ashkenazi Sephardi Mizrahi Yemenite Tiberian Medieval Mishnaic Biblical Samaritan Babylonian Palestinian Judeo-Aramaic Hulaulá Lishana Deni Lishán Didán Barzani Betanure Lishanid Noshan Targum Biblical Talmudic Palestinian Galilean Judeo-Arabic Yahudic Judeo-Baghdadi Judeo-Moroccan Judeo-Tripolitanian Djerbian Yemenite Other Jewish diaspora languages Yiddish Ladino Haketia Tetuani Yevanic Catalanic Italkian Piedmontese Knaanic Gruzinic Karaim Dzhidi Bukhori Juhuri Zarphatic Golpaygani Shirazi Hamedani Shuadit Judeo-Marathi Judeo-Berber Judeo-Malayalam Krymchak Koiné Greek
Mythology Baal El Genesis Adam and Eve Lilith Garden of Eden Tree of Life Forbidden Fruit Patriarchs Abraham Promised Land Gog and Magog Nimrod Tower of Babel Sodom and Gomorrah Noah's Ark Cain and Abel Moses Burning bush Ten Plagues Crossing the Red Sea The Exodus Mount Sinai Golden calf Ten Commandments Tabernacle Conquest of Canaan Yahweh Moloch Gehenna Gathering of Israel Daniel Gideon Saul David and Goliath Solomon Samson Esther Haman Mordecai Job Satan Ezra Ruth Azrael Michael Gabriel Dobiel Ouza Jewish folklore Dybbuk Golem Behemoth Leviathan Shedim Tannin Rahab Bagdana Estries Belial Samael Re'em Baal Berith Lilin Bar Juchne Ziz Naamah Mazzikin Arariel Se'irim Dumah Armilus Broxa Elioud Alukah Rephaite Pardes Yossele Valley of the ants
Literature Biblical Hebrew American Ladino Judeo-Tat Yiddish English Yemenite Musar Rabbinic Jewish poetry Biblical Piyyutim Al-Andalus Yemenite Epic Medieval Hebrew Modern Hebrew Holocaust
Philosophy Haskalah Philosophers Maimonides Strauss
Music Secular Religious Mizrahi Sephardic Klezmer Niggun Zemirot
Art Ancient Jewish art Yiddish theatre Judeo-Tat theatre Jewish dance Humour List of Jews in the visual arts List of Jewish film directors Jews in American cinema
Science Medicine Astronomy Biblical cosmology Mathematicians Scientists
Sport List of Jews in sports Association football Baseball Jewish Sports Hall of Fame Maccabiah Games Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur
Cuisine Ancient Israelite Sephardi Mizrahi Ashkenazi
Other aspects Symbolism Clothing Architecture
Portal:Judaism Category:Jewish culture
v t e

Bukharian, also known as Judeo-Bukharic and Judeo-Tajik (autonym: Bukhori, Hebrew script: בוכארי, Cyrillic: бухорӣ, Latin: Buxorī),^[a] is a Judeo-Persian dialect historically spoken by the Bukharan Jews of Central Asia.^[3][4][5] It is a Jewish dialect derived from—and largely mutually intelligible with—the Tajik branch of the Persian language.

Historically, Bukharian was spoken by Jews in Central Asia.^[6] The language classification of Bukharian is as follows: Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Iranian > West Iranian > Southwest Iranian > Persian > Tajik > Bukharian.^[2]

Bukhori is based on Classical Persian, with a large number of Hebrew loanwords, as well as smaller numbers of loanwords from other surrounding languages, including Uzbek and Russian. The vocabulary includes lexical items of Persian, Arabic, Uzbek, and Hebrew origin.^[7]

In 1987, the total number of speakers was 85,000. In the USSR, there were 45,000 speakers; in Israel, there were 32,000; and in all other countries combined, there were 3,000.^[2] Ethnic Tajik minorities exist in many countries, such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan. Samarkand and Bukhara are two cities in Uzbekistan which are particularly densely populated by Tajik speakers,^[8] among whom were tens of thousands of Bukharan Jews in the 19th to 20th centuries.^[9] (In modern times, the dialects spoken by the few remaining Jews in these cities barely differ, if at all, from their non-Jewish counterparts.^[10])

Today, the language is spoken by approximately 10,000 Jews remaining in Uzbekistan and surrounding areas, although most of its speakers reside elsewhere, predominantly in Israel (approximately 50,000 speakers) and the United States.

Like most Jewish languages, Bukhori traditionally used the Hebrew alphabet.^[11] But throughout the past century, due to the influence of various empires and ideologies, Bukhori was written using the Latin alphabet in the 1920s and 1930s, then Cyrillic from 1940 onwards. The Hebrew alphabet fell further into disuse outside of Hebrew liturgy when the Bukharian Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia and Bukharian Jewish publications, such as books and newspapers, began to appear using the Cyrillic alphabet. Today, many older Bukharian Jews who speak Bukharian only know the Cyrillic alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian. The origin of its respective spelling system is Talmudic orthography.^[6]

Early in the Soviet period, communists wanted Hebrew to be the language of culture and instruction for Jews in the Republic of Turkestan and in the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic.^{[citation needed]} In late 1921, the Turkestani People's Commissariat of Education ordered that schools for Bukharian Jews to teach in Bukharian and not in Hebrew. In Uzbekistan in 1934, 15 Bukharian Jewish clubs and 28 Bukharian Jewish red teahouses existed. However, in 1938, Bukharian was no longer used as the language for instruction in the schools and in cultural activities.^[2]

Attempts were made^[when?] to bring about a revival of Bukharian Jewish culture in the Soviet Union. One significant attempt was the establishment^[when?] of a council for Bukharian Jewish literature in the Uzbekistan Writers’ Union, headed by Aharon Shalamaev-Fidoi (who emigrated to Israel in 1991). Another significant attempt was the Hoverim society established^[when?] in Tajikistan and headed by Professor Datkhaev (Datkhaev emigrated to the US in 1992).^[12] The main organizational supporter for Bukharian Jewish culture today is the World Bukharian Jewish Congress, which aims to teach and spread awareness of the history, culture, language, and literature of the Bukharian Jews. Based on the Soviet census of 1979, 20% more Central Asian Jews spoke Russian than Bukharian.^[2]

Among some Bukharian Jewish youth, especially in the New York City area, there has been a revival of using the Bukharian Jewish language written in a modified Latin alphabet similar to the one developed by Bukharian Jewish linguist and writer, Yakub Kalontarov.^{[citation needed]} Today, youth learning the Bukharian Jewish language sponsored by the Achdut-Unity Club in Queens use the modified Latin alphabet.^{[citation needed]}

Classes on Bukharian Jewish history and the Bukhori language are also available at Queens College, CUNY since 2010, marking the first time that Bukhori has been taught in an American university. The classes are taught by Bukharian adjunct professor Imanuel Rybakov.^[13] Rybakov has also authored a guide to learning the Bukharian language for English speakers.^[14]

Bukharian historically used the Hebrew alphabet (called Eastern Rashi in writing and square script in printing). From 1928 to 1940, the written Bukharian language in the USSR used the Latin alphabet.

The first version of the Latin alphabet for the language was compiled in April 1928^[15] and had the following order:

In 1930, changes were made to the alphabet: capital letters were introduced, the letter ә̦ was eliminated, and the letter Ů ů was introduced.^[15] At a spelling conference in August 1934, the letter Ⱨ ⱨ was removed from the alphabet and the letter Ů ů was replaced by Ū ū. On February 5, 1935, this decision was legalized by order No. 112 of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Uzbek SSR.^[16]

As a result, the later version of the Soviet Latin alphabet had the following order:^[17]

Currently, printed literature in the Bukharian Judeo-Tajik dialect is published mainly in Cyrillic. Some works also use the Latin alphabet, which is close to the Uzbek one.^[18]

Current Cyrillic alphabet:^[18]

Current Latin alphabet:^[18]

• Emirate of Bukhara
• Judeo-Tat

Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect) test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• Learn Basic Bukhori
• Endangered Languages Project
• Noni padar (Father's bread)
• MULOQAND
• Music Examples
• More Music Examples
• Bukharian Poem
• Grisha Abramov Bukharian Jews Miami speech in Bukhoric Bukharan
• Torah Lectures in Bukharian Language