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Jani Vreto

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Jani Vreto
Vreto, 1880s
Vreto, 1880s
Born(1822-01-14)14 January 1822
Postenan, Korçë, Albania (then Ottoman Empire)
Died9 July 1900(1900-07-09) (aged 78)
Athens, Greece
Occupationwriter, printer, publisher
NationalityAlbanian, Ottoman
Literary movementAlbanian National Awakening
Notable worksHistori e Skënderbeut, Apologia etc
Signature

Jani Vreto (14 January 1822 – 9 July 1900) was an Albanian writer, printer, publisher and important figure of the Albanian National Awakening. He was responsible for setting up and overseeing the work of the first Albanian printing house in Bucharest in 1886.

Life

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Jani Vreto was born in Postenan, a village near Leskovik, southern Albania on 14 January 1822.[1] He went to the local school where he took his first lessons from Nikolla Ikonomi, who would teach him both Greek and Albanian.[2]

Some years before the establishment of the League of Prizren during the Great Eastern Crisis, Vreto met with six other Albanian intellectuals regarding the alphabet question and he supported the use of the Greek alphabet to write Albanian due to the Pelasgian theory.[3] Vreto became a member of the Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights (founded 1877) which was a group of Albanian intelligentsia based in Istanbul advocating for the territorial integrity and unity of Albanian inhabited areas in the Ottoman Empire.[4][5] The Committee for Defending Albanian Rights appointed Vreto along with Sami Frashëri, Vaso Pasha and Hasan Tahsini to create an Albanian alphabet.[6] During discussions about the Albanian alphabet Frashëri and Vreto wanted the inclusion of a Greek alphabet character on the premise that Albanians and Greeks have the same ancestors, the Pelasgians.[7] By 19 March 1879 the group approved Frashëri's 36 letter alphabet consisting mostly of Latin characters.[6] In 1878, he represented the Albanian population of the Ottoman Empire alongside Abdyl Frashëri at the Congress of Berlin.[8]

In 1879 he became one of the founders of Society for the Publication of Albanian Letters, (Albanian: Shoqëri e të shtypurit shkronjavet shqip), an organization responsible for publishing Albanian textbooks and opening Albanian schools.[1] Vreto transferred its headquarters from Istanbul to Bucharest[9] after the organization was banned by the Ottoman authorities. As a member of this society Vreto set up and operated the Albanian printing house of Bucharest playing an important role in the advancement of the Albanian movement.

At the same time he was excommunicated by the Orthodox metropolitan of Gjirokastër, who accused him of having committed heresy by "creating an Albanian question".[1] Many of the works of Naim Frashëri, national poet of Albania were published by this organization. In 1882, Vreto left Bucharest for Egypt to develop nationalist content among the Albanian diaspora.[10]

Works

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Title page of Erveheja 1888 using Sami Frashëri’s alphabet.

Jani Vreto's most known work is an epic poem titled Histori e Skënderbeut (English: History of Skanderbeg), dedicated to national hero of Albania Skanderbeg. In 1888 he edited and published the poem Erveheja of Muhamet Kyçyku transliterating it into Latin script completely removing all Turkish or Arabic words Kyçyku had used.[11] Part of Vreto's own work was published in Spiro Dine's work Valët e Detit (English: Waves at the Sea), a collection of Albanian history and literature.[1]

Recognition

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Jani Vreto's statue in Leskovik

On 13 January 2012 the President of Albania, Bamir Topi decorate Jani Vreto after death Honor of Nation Order of Albania.[12]

There is a statue of him in the town of Leskovik.[13]

See also

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Sources

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  1. ^ a b c d Cornis-Pope, Marcel; John Neubauer (2004). History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe: junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries. Vol. 2. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 44, 290, 337. ISBN 90-272-3453-1.
  2. ^ Shuteriqi, Dhimitër S. (1978). Shkrimet shqipe në vitet 1332-1850 [Albanian writings in the years 1332-1850]. Rilindja. p. 216. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
  3. ^ Skendi 1967, p. 139.
  4. ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 44.
  5. ^ Elsie, Robert, Centre for Albanian Studies (London, England) (2005-07-29). Albanian literature: a short history. I.B. Tauris. p. 76. ISBN 9781845110314. Retrieved 9 April 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. p. 59. ISBN 9781845112875.
  7. ^ Michael Kreutz. Modernismus und Europaidee in der Östlichen Mittelmeerwelt, 1821-1939 Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. p. 166. "Der bekannte intellektuelle Vordenker Sami Frashëri setzte sich wie Jan Vreto (Ioannis Vretos) für das Griechisch e ein, mit der Begründung, dass Albaner wie Griechen beidermassen Abkömmlinge der Pelasger seien."
  8. ^ Glenny, Misha. The Balkans. Page 142.
  9. ^ Skendi 1967, p. 145.
  10. ^ Skendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian national awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 152. ISBN 9781400847761.
  11. ^ Norris, H.T (1993). Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world. University of South Carolina Press. p. 80. ISBN 0-87249-977-4.
  12. ^ Presidenti Topi dekoron Jani Vreton (pas vdekjes) me Urdhrin “Nderi i Kombit” Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, president.al, 2012-01-13 (in Albanian)
  13. ^ Jance, Anesti. "Panoramio - Photos of the World". Panoramio. Archived from the original on 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
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