Isastrea

Isastrea; Temporal range: Jurassic–Cretaceous PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	I. richardsoni showing calyces at various levels of magnification Fossil Isastrea sp from Middle Jurassic, Tabas, Iran
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Hexacorallia
Order:	Scleractinia
Family:	†Montlivaltiidae
Genus:	†Isastrea; Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1851

Isastrea is an extinct genus of corals that lived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.^[3] Its fossils have been found in Europe, Africa, North America,^[2] Asia and South America.^[4]

Description

Isastrea belonged to a group known as the hexacorals, so named for the shape of each individual polyp skeleton (corallite).^[2] Each corallite was between 3 millimetres (0.12 in) and 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in diameter. In addition, 30–80 septa (walls dividing body cavities) were present in each animal.^[3] Its walls were "weak, discontinuous or absent". In some species, adjacent septa would fuse. Dissepiments ("small blistery plates" serving the purpose of internal support) were plentiful in the animal. Columella (central "rod- or plate-like" structures) were present as well, but were not very strong.^[1] The genus is believed to have lived in colonies (each of which could have been 39 inches (0.99 m) long) and formed coral reefs.^[2] The colonies were "massive",^[1] "encrusting, platey, dome-shaped or sometimes ramose".^[3] It was a hermatypic coral, which require "warm, clear, shallow water" and live in symbiotic relationships with algae.^[2] It is also likely that zooxanthellae (a kind of protozoa) lived on the coral.^[3] It has been theorized that Isastrea could endure lower temperatures than most other hermatypic corals because it occurs farther north than them.^[2]

Fossil Isastrea coral from Middle Jurassic, Tabas, Iran

Species and fossil sites

At least 49 species of Isastrea have been described.^[4] Milne-Edwards and Haime originally described the following species of Isastrea:

I. oblonga from the Portland stone^[5]
I. explanata and I. greenoughi from the coral rag^[6]
I. conybearii, I. limitata, I. explanulata, and I. serialis from the Great Oolite^[7]
I. richardsoni, I. tenuistriata, and I. lonsdalii from the Inferior Oolite^[8]

References

Notes

^ Sources variously indicate Jurassic,^[1] Middle–Late Cretaceous,^[2] and Jurassic–Cretaceous.^[3]

Inline citations

^ ^a ^b ^c Potts, Joanna, ed. (2003). Firefly Guide to Fossils (first ed.). Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. pp. 62–63, 71. ISBN 1552978125.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Palmer, Douglas; et al. (2009). Prehistoric Life: The Definitive Visual History of Life on Earth (first American ed.). New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 236. ISBN 9780756655730.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Taylor, Paul D.; Lewis, David N. (2005). "Living in Colonies" (Google eBook). Fossil Invertebrates (reprint, illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0674025741.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Isastrea". The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
^ Milne-Edwards & Haime 1850–1854, p. 74.
^ Milne-Edwards & Haime 1850–1854, pp. 94, 96.
^ Milne-Edwards & Haime 1850–1854, pp. 113–16.
^ Milne-Edwards & Haime 1850–1854, pp. 138–9.

General references

Milne-Edwards, H.; Haime, Jules (1850–1854). A Monograph of the British Fossil Corals. London: Palæontographical Society.

[4] Sources variously indicate Jurassic,^[1] Middle–Late Cretaceous,^[2] and Jurassic–Cretaceous.^[3]

[firefly-1] Potts, Joanna, ed. (2003). Firefly Guide to Fossils (first ed.). Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. pp. 62–63, 71. ISBN 1552978125.

[dk-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Palmer, Douglas; et al. (2009). Prehistoric Life: The Definitive Visual History of Life on Earth (first American ed.). New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 236. ISBN 9780756655730.

[hup-3] Taylor, Paul D.; Lewis, David N. (2005). "Living in Colonies" (Google eBook). Fossil Invertebrates (reprint, illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0674025741.

[database-5] "Isastrea". The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved March 8, 2012.

[FOOTNOTEMilne-Edwards_&_Haime1850–185474-6] Milne-Edwards & Haime 1850–1854, p. 74.

[FOOTNOTEMilne-Edwards_&_Haime1850–185494,_96-7] Milne-Edwards & Haime 1850–1854, pp. 94, 96.

[FOOTNOTEMilne-Edwards_&_Haime1850–1854113–16-8] Milne-Edwards & Haime 1850–1854, pp. 113–16.

[FOOTNOTEMilne-Edwards_&_Haime1850–1854138–9-9] Milne-Edwards & Haime 1850–1854, pp. 138–9.

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