Kalu Pande

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Sri Kaji Vamshidhar "Kalu" Pande
काजी वंशीधर "कालु" पाँडे
Kaji Kalu Pandey of Gorkha Kingdom
Chief of the Nepalese Army
In office ca. 1746 - 1757
Preceded by	Prithvi Narayan Shah
Succeeded by	Vamsharaj Pande, Abhiman Singh Basnet
Personal details
Born	Vamshidhar Pande 1713 A.D. Gorkha Kingdom (present day Gorkha District, Nepal)
Died	1757 A.D. (aged 43-44) Tyanglaphant Kirtipur, Kirtipur Kingdom (present day Kathmandu District, Nepal)
Nationality	Nepali
Children	Vamsharaj Pande, Ranashur Pande, Damodar Pande, Chitravati Pande
Parent	Kaji Bhimraj Pande (father)
Relatives	Pande dynasty Basnyat family
Military service
Battles/wars	Battle of Kirtipur, Unification of Nepal

Vamshidhar Pande (Nepali: वंशीधर पाँडे) known by Alias Kalu Pande (Nepali: कालु पाँडे) was a Nepalese politician and general who was appointed as Kaji of The Gorkha Kingdom. He was born in 1713 A.D. in a Gorkha family. He was the commander of the Gorkhali forces during the Unification Campaign of Nepal who died in the first Battle of Kirtipur in 1757 A.D. Pande's real name was Banshidhar Pande. He was a son of Kaji Bhimraj Pande who was minister during reign of King Prithivipati Shah of Gorkha. He was descendant of Minister of Gorkha and Dravya Shah's accomplice Ganesh Pande. He had three sons: Dewan Kajisaheb Vamsharaj Pande, Sardar Ranasur Pande and Mulkaji Sahib Damodar Pande (1st PM of Nepal).^[1]

Pande was born in 1713 A.D to Kaji Bhimraj Pande. He was a descendant of Ganesh Pande, who was the first Kaji (Prime Minister) of King Dravya Shah of Gorkha Kingdom established in 1559 A.D.^[2][3] The Pandes were considered as Thar Ghar or aristrocratic family who assisted in the administration of Gorkha Kingdom.^[4] Kaji Kalu Pande (1714-1757) belonged to this family^[5] and became a war hero after he died at Battle of Kirtipur.^[6] These Pandes were categorized with fellow Chhetri Bharadars such as Thapas, Basnyats and Kunwar family.^[7]

Generally, historians conclude his relation to Kaji Tularam Pande of Gorkha. As per Historian Baburam Acharya, Tularam was a brother (first cousin) of Kaji Bhimraj Pande, the father of Kalu Pande.^[8] However, Historian Rishikesh Shah contends that Tularam was a brother of Kalu Pande.^[9]

Kalu Pande was made the Commander-in-Chief of the Gorkhali Army after Biraj Thapa Magar and his first major Battle was the Battle of Kirtipur. Despite his initial resentment to the fact that the valley kings were well prepared and the Gorkhalis were not, Pande gave a 'Yes' to the operation, due to being insisted by Prithvi Narayan Shah. The Gorkhalis had set up a base on Naikap, a hill on the valley's western rim, from where they were to mount their assaults on Kirtipur. They were armed with swords, bows and arrows and muskets.^[10]

The Battle of Kirtipur occurred in 1767 during the Gorkha conquest of Nepal, and was fought at Kirtipur, one of the principal towns in the Kathmandu Valley.^[11][12] Kirtipur was then a walled town of 800 houses and part of the kingdom of Lalitpur. It is spread along the top of a ridge.^[13]

The battle between the Newars of the valley and the invading Gorkhalis marked a turning point in the war of expansion launched by Gorkhali king Prithvi Narayan Shah. It led to his subjugation of the rest of the coveted valley^[14][15] and the end of Newar rule.^[16] The Gorkhalis had set up a base on Dahachok, a hill on the valley's western rim, from where they mounted their assaults on Kirtipur. They were armed with swords, bows and arrows and muskets.^[17]

During the first assault in 1757, the Gorkhali army was badly beaten. As they advanced towards Kirtipur, the Newars went to meet them under the command of Kaji Danuvanta. The two forces fought on the plain of Tyangla Phant in the north-west of Kirtipur. The Newars defended their town ferociously. The Gorkhali commander Kalu Pande was killed, and the Gorkhali king himself barely escaped with his life into the surrounding hills disguised as a saint.^[18][19]

The Valley Kings brought a large number of Doyas from Indian Plains under Shaktiballabh sardar. During the first assault in 1757, the Gorkhali army killed 1200 enemies, mostly Doyas, but were badly beaten themselves. Both sides suffered heavy losses. As they advanced towards Kirtipur, the combined force of Valley Kings under Kaji Gangadhar Jha, Kaji Gangaram Thapa and Sardar Shaktiballabh brought Havoc to the outnumbered Gorkhalis. The two forces fought on the plain of Tyangla Phant in the northwest of Kirtipur. Surapratap Shah, the King's brother lost his right eye to an arrow while scaling the city wall. The Gorkhali commander Kaji Kalu Pande was beheaded by kantipur's king jay prakash malla himself, and the Gorkhali king himself narrowly escaped with his life into the surrounding hills disguised as a saint.^[20][21]

King Prithvi Narayan Shah's letter to Sardar Ramakrishna Kunwar mentioned by historian Baburam Acharya quotes disheartenment of King Prithvi over death of Kalu Pande: "When Kalu Pande was killed in Kirtipur, I had felt disheartened, thinking that I had not been able to conquer the three towns of Nepal."^[22]

King Prithvi Narayan Shah formed an alliance with Basnyat and Pande families of Gorkha in his quest for the unification of Nepal.^[23] As per his Divya Upadesh, King Prithvi Narayan is known to have arranged the marriage between Kaji Kehar Singh Basnyat, the second son of Senapati Badabir Shivaram Singh Basnyat, and Mukhiyani Chitra Devi, the daughter of Kaji Kalu Pande.^[23][24] Shivaram Singh Basnyat was addressed as Senapati Badabir (Brave Chief of the Army) in all the documents of that era. He died in the defensive battle of Sanga Chowk during Unification of Nepal on 1803 B.S.^[25][26]

The burial ground of Kaji Kalu Pande on a hill top. It lies in Chandragiri, western outskirts of Kathmandu from where Gorkha can be seen. It is said that Kalu Pande requested to be buried where he could see his homeland of Gorkha so, he was buried in that spot. It is also called Kalu Pande Hill and is a popular hiking spot.^[27]

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  Bamshidhar Kalu Pande
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  Kalu Pande
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  unification during battle field
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  Memorial where Kalu Pande was assassinated in 1814 B.S.
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  Swords of Kaji Kalu Pande and his soldiers at Bagh Bhairab temple, Kirtipur
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  Kaji Kalu Pande statue at Dahachowk

• Acharya, Baburam (1 May 1972) [1950], "King Prithvi Narayan Shah's Letters To Ramkrishna Kunwar Rana" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 4 (5): 94–96
• Acharya, Baburam (1 March 1979), "The Unification of Nepal" (PDF), Regmi Research Series, 11 (3): 40–48
• Acharya, Baburam; Naraharinath, Yogi (2014). Badamaharaj Prithivi Narayan Shah ko Divya Upadesh (2014 Reprint ed.). Kathmandu: Shree Krishna Acharya. ISBN 978-99933-912-1-0.
• Hamal, Lakshman B. (1995), Military history of Nepal, Sharda Pustak Mandir
• Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 9788180698132
• Regmi, D.R. (1975), Modern Nepal, ISBN 9780883864913
• Regmi, Mahesh Chandra (1995), Kings and political leaders of the Gorkhali Empire, 1768–1814, Orient Longman, ISBN 9788125005117
• Shaha, Rishikesh (1990), Modern Nepal 1769–1885, Riverdale Company, ISBN 0-913215-64-3
• Singh, Nagendra Kr (1997). Nepal: Refugee to Ruler: A Militant Race of Nepal. APH Publishing. ISBN 9788170248477. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
• Wright, Daniel (1877), History of Nepal, ISBN 9788120605527