↑Here the numbers are for Hindi only, not including Urdu. Some languages may be over- or under-represented as the census data used is at the state-level. For example, while Urdu has 52 million speakers (2001) in India, in no state is it a majority. Urdu is mostly used by Muslims. As given in article w:Hindustani language: "w:Hindustani Language is a w:pluricentric language, with two official forms, Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu, which are its standardisedregisters, and which may be called Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu when taken together. The colloquial registers are mostly indistinguishable, and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar, they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary, with Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit and Urdu adopting stronger Persian, Turkic and Arabic influences. Hindi uses w:Devanagari script for writing and Urdu uses Perso-Arabic script".
↑The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human Geography by Robert E. Nunley, Severin M. Roberts, George W. Wubrick, Daniel L. Roy, 1999, ( ISBN0-13-080180-1), Prentice Hall publishers (google books ) quote ... Hindustani is the basis for both languages ...}}
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Removed Shina as there is no data for the Pakistan-controlled Kashmir region in the Indian census. Chhattisgarhi is treated as a dialect of Hindi as per the Indian census that the map uses as a source.