Bugula
| Bugula | |
|---|---|
| |
| The nudibranch Diaphorodoris papillata Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960 feeding on Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa |
| Class: | Gymnolaemata |
| Order: | Cheilostomatida |
| Family: | Bugulidae |
| Genus: | Bugula (Oken, 1815) |
Bugula is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.[1][2]
Distribution
[edit]The native distribution of Bugula neritina is presumed to be tropical and subtropical waters; however, it has become widespread globally due to attachment to the hulls of vessels.[1] It is considered an invasive species in some countries.
Bugula neritina
[edit]Bugula neritina attracted interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals, bryostatins, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents. It was first collected and provided to JL Hartwell's anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe.[3] In 2001 pharmaceutical company GPC Biotech licensed Bryostatin 1 from Arizona State University for commercial development as a treatment for cancer. GPC Biotech canceled development in 2003, saying that Bryostatin 1 showed little effectiveness and some toxic side-effects.[4] More recent work shows it has positive effects on cognition in sufferers of Alzheimers with few side effects.[5]
Other uses
[edit]Dried Bugula are commonly used as decorations:
"Air fern", the so-called everlasting plant that supposedly absorbs from air all the moisture it needs to live, is commonly dried colonies of the bryozoan Bugula that have been artificially coloured.[6]
However, Sertularia argentea are also sold as "air ferns."[7]
Species
[edit]- Bugula alba Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula apsteini Hasenbank, 1932
- Bugula aspinosa Liu, 1984
- Bugula biota Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula capensis Waters, 1887
- Bugula ceylonensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula crosslandi Hastings, 1939
- Bugula decipiens Hayward, 1981
- Bugula expansa Hastings, 1939
- Bugula fastigiata Kluge, 1929
- Bugula gautieri Ryland, 1962
- Bugula gnoma Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula hessei Hasenbank, 1932
- Bugula hummelincki Fransen, 1986
- Bugula ingens Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula intermedia Liu, 1984
- Bugula longissima Busk, 1884
- Bugula lophodendron Ortmann, 1890
- Bugula migottoi Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula miniatella Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula minima Waters, 1909
- Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Bugula neritinoides Hastings, 1939
- Bugula orientalis Liu, 1984
- Bugula paternostrae Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula philippsae Harmer, 1926
- Bugula prismatica (Gray, 1843)
- Bugula protensa Hayward, 1981
- Bugula providensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula robusta MacGillivray, 1869
- Bugula robustoides Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula rochae Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
- Bugula scaphoides Kirkpatrick, 1890
- Bugula scaphula Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon, 2001
- Bugula simpliciformis Osburn, 1932
- Bugula solorensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
- Bugula subglobosa Harmer, 1926
- Bugula tschukotkensis Kluge, 1952
- Bugula umbelliformis Yanagi & Okada, 1918
- Bugula vectifera Harmer, 1926
- Species brought into synonymy
- Bugula angustiloba (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Bugulina angustiloba (Lamarck, 1816)
- Bugula aperta (Hincks, 1886): synonym of Crisularia aperta (Hincks, 1886)
- Bugula aquilirostris Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina aquilirostris (Ryland, 1960)
- Bugula avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Bugulina avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Bugula bengalensis Rao & Ganapati, 1974: synonym of Crisularia bengalensis (Rao & Ganapati, 1974)
- Bugula bicornis Busk, 1884: synonym of Camptoplites bicornis (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula borealis (Packard, 1863): synonym of Bugulina borealis (Packard, 1863)
- Bugula bowiei Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Crisularia bowiei (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
- Bugula calathus Norman, 1868: synonym of Bugulina calathus (Norman, 1868)
- Bugula californica Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina californica (Robertson, 1905)
- Bugula carvalhoi Marcus, 1949: synonym of Bugulina carvalhoi (Marcus, 1949)
- Bugula cucullata Busk, 1867: synonym of Crisularia cucullata (Busk, 1867)
- Bugula cucullifera Osburn, 1912: synonym of Crisularia cucullifera (Osburn, 1912)
- Bugula cuspidata Hastings, 1943: synonym of Crisularia cuspidata (Hastings, 1943)
- Bugula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816): synonym of Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816)
- Bugula dispar Harmer, 1926: synonym of Crisularia dispar (Harmer, 1926)
- Bugula ditrupae Busk, 1858: synonym of Bugulina ditrupae (Busk, 1858)
- Bugula eburnea Calvet, 1906: synonym of Bugulina eburnea (Calvet, 1906)
- Bugula elongata Nordgaard, 1906: synonym of Dendrobeania decorata (Verrill, 1879)
- Bugula flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848): synonym of Bugulina flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848)
- Bugula foliolata Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Bugulina foliolata (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
- Bugula fulva Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina fulva (Ryland, 1960)
- Bugula germanae (Calvet, 1902): synonym of Bugula serrata (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Crisularia serrata (Lamarck, 1816)
- Bugula gracilis Busk, 1858: synonym of Crisularia gracilis (Busk, 1858)
- Bugula grayi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia grayi (Maturo, 1966)
- Bugula guara Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Crisularia guara (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
- Bugula harmsworthi Waters, 1900: synonym of Crisularia harmsworthi (Waters, 1900)
- Bugula hyadesi Jullien, 1888: synonym of Crisularia hyadesi (Jullien, 1888)
- Bugula japonica: synonym of Dendrobeania japonica (Ortmann, 1890)
- Bugula johnstonae (Gray, 1843): synonym of Halophila johnstonae Gray, 1843
- Bugula leontodon Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum leontodon (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula longicauda Harmer, 1926: synonym of Halophila longicauda (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula longirostrata Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina longirostrata (Robertson, 1905)
- Bugula marcusi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia marcusi (Maturo, 1966)
- Bugula margaritifera Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum margaritifera (Busk, 1884): synonym of Himantozoum margaritiferum (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula microoecia Osburn, 1914: synonym of Crisularia microoecia (Osburn, 1914)
- Bugula mirabilis Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum mirabilis (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula mollis Harmer, 1926: synonym of Crisularia mollis (Harmer, 1926)
- Bugula multiserialis (d'Orbigny, 1841): synonym of Bugulina multiserialis (d'Orbigny, 1841)
- Bugula nana Androsova, 1977: synonym of Crisularia nana (Androsova, 1977)
- Bugula pacifica Robertson, 1905: synonym of Crisularia pacifica (Robertson, 1905)
- Bugula pedata Harmer, 1926: synonym of Bugulina pedata (Harmer, 1926)
- Bugula plumosa (Pallas, 1766): synonym of Crisularia plumosa (Pallas, 1766)
- Bugula prenanti Castric-Fey, 1971: synonym of Crisularia prenanti (Castric-Fey, 1971)
- Bugula pugeti Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina pugeti (Robertson, 1905)
- Bugula purpurotincta Norman, 1868: synonym of Crisularia purpurotincta (Norman, 1868)
- Bugula reticulata Busk, 1884: synonym of Camptoplites reticulatus (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula rylandi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia rylandi (Maturo, 1966)
- Bugula serrata (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Crisularia serrata (Lamarck, 1816)
- Bugula simplex Hincks, 1886: synonym of Bugulina simplex (Hincks, 1886)
- Bugula sinuosa Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum sinuosum (Busk, 1884)
- Bugula spicata (Hincks, 1886): synonym of Bugulina spicata (Hincks, 1886)
- Bugula stolonifera Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina stolonifera (Ryland, 1960)
- Bugula tricuspis Kluge, 1955: synonym of Bugulina tricuspis (Kluge, 1955)
- Bugula turbinata Alder, 1857: synonym of Bugulina turbinata (Alder, 1857)
- Bugula turrita (Desor, 1848): synonym of Crisularia turrita (Desor, 1848)
- Bugula versicolor Busk, 1884: synonym of Semidendrobeania versicolor (Busk, 1884)
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Bugula neritina". exoticsguide.org. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- ^ Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2015-09-02
- ^ Harford, B The Bryostatins’ Tale Chemical and Engineering News, Vol 89, No 43 PP. 10 - 17 Oct 24, 2011 accessed Dec 19, 2017
- ^ "Bryostatin 1". 19 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
- ^ Nelsen et al., JT Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer's Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 58(2): 521–535. Accessed Dec 27, 2017
- ^ Frank K. McKinney. "The Bryozoa". International Bryozoology Association. Archived from the original on 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
- ^ Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016). Sertularia argentea Linnaeus, 1758. [In] Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. Accessed on 2020-01-11.
- Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325–333
- Fehlauer-Ale, Karin H., Winston, Judith E., Tilbrook, Kevin J., Nascimento, Karine B. & Vieira, Leandro M. (2015). Identifying monophyletic groups within Bugula sensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea). Zoologica Scripta
External links
[edit]- Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce
- Introduced Marine Species of Hawai'i
- Exotics Guide - Bugula neritina
