Brazil nut

Brazil nut tree
Conservation status
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Lecythidaceae
Genus:	Bertholletia Bonpl.
Species:	B. excelsa
Binomial name
Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.

The Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is a South American tree in the family Lecythidaceae, and it is also the name of the tree's commercially harvested edible seeds.^[2] It is one of the largest and longest-lived trees in the Amazon rainforest. The fruit and its nutshell – containing the edible Brazil nut – are relatively large and weigh as much as 2 kg (4.4 lb) in total. As food, Brazil nuts are notable for diverse content of micronutrients, especially a high amount of selenium. The wood of the Brazil nut tree is prized for its quality in carpentry, flooring, and heavy construction.

In Portuguese-speaking countries, like Brazil, they are variously called "castanha-do-brasil"^[3][4] (meaning "chestnut from Brazil" in Portuguese), "castanha-do-pará" (meaning "chestnut from Pará" in Portuguese), with other names: castanha-da-amazônia,^[5] castanha-do-acre,^[6] "noz amazônica" (meaning "Amazonian nut" in Portuguese), noz boliviana, tocari ("probably of Carib origin"^[7]), and tururi (from Tupi turu'ri^[8]) also used.^[2]

In various Spanish-speaking countries of South America, Brazil nuts are called castañas de Brasil, nuez de Brasil, or castañas de Pará (or Para).^[2][9]

In North America, as early as 1896, Brazil nuts were sometimes known by the slang term "nigger toes",^[10][11][12] a vulgarity that fell out of use after the racial slur became more socially unacceptable.^[13][14]

The Brazil nut is a large tree, reaching 50 metres (160 feet) tall,^[15] and with a trunk 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft) in diameter, making it among the largest of trees in the Amazon rainforest. It may live for 500 years or more, and can often reach a thousand years of age.^[16] The stem is straight and commonly without branches for well over half the tree's height, with a large, emergent crown of long branches above the surrounding canopy of other trees.

The bark is grayish and smooth. The leaves are dry-season deciduous, alternate, simple, entire or crenate, oblong, 20–35 centimetres (8–14 in) long, and 10–15 cm (4–6 in) broad. The flowers are small, greenish-white, in panicles 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long; each flower has a two-parted, deciduous calyx, six unequal cream-colored petals, and numerous stamens united into a broad, hood-shaped mass.^{[citation needed]}

Brazil nut trees produce fruit almost exclusively in pristine forests, as disturbed forests lack the large-bodied bees of the genera Bombus, Centris, Epicharis, Eulaema, and Xylocopa, which are the only ones capable of pollinating the tree's flowers, with different bee genera being the primary pollinators in different areas, and different times of year.^[17][18][19] Brazil nuts have been harvested from plantations, but production is low and is currently not economically viable.^[2][15][20]

The fruit takes 14 months to mature after pollination of the flowers. The fruit itself is a large capsule 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in diameter, resembling a coconut endocarp in size and weighing up to 2 kg (4 lb 7 oz). It has a hard, woody shell 8–12 mm (3⁄8–1⁄2 in) thick, which contains eight to 24 wedge-shaped seeds 4–5 cm (1+5⁄8–2 in) long (the "Brazil nuts") packed like the segments of an orange, but not limited to one whorl of segments. Up to three whorls can be stacked onto each other, with the polar ends of the segments of the middle whorl nestling into the upper and lower whorls (see illustration above).

The capsule contains a small hole at one end, which enables large rodents like the agouti to gnaw it open.^[21] They then eat some of the seeds inside while burying others for later use; some of these are able to germinate into new Brazil nut trees.^[21] Most of the seeds are "planted" by the agoutis in caches during wet season,^[21] and the young saplings may have to wait years, in a state of dormancy, for a tree to fall and sunlight to reach it, when it starts growing again.

The Brazil nut family, the Lecythidaceae, is in the order Ericales, as are other well-known plants such as blueberries, cranberries, sapote, gutta-percha, tea, phlox, and persimmons. The tree is the only species in the monotypic genus Bertholletia,^[2] named after French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet.^[22]

The Brazil nut is native to the Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern Colombia, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia. It occurs as scattered trees in large forests on the banks of the Amazon River, Rio Negro, Tapajós, and the Orinoco. The fruit is heavy and rigid; when the fruits fall, they pose a serious threat to vehicles and potential for traumatic brain injury of people passing under the tree.^[23]

Capuchin monkeys have been reported to open Brazil nuts using a stone as an anvil.^{[citation needed]}

Brazil nut production – 2020
Country	(tonnes)
Brazil	33,118
Bolivia	30,843
Peru	5,697
World	69,658
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[24]

In 2020, global production of Brazil nuts (in shells) was 69,658 tonnes, most of which derive from wild harvests in tropical forests, especially the Amazon regions of Brazil and Bolivia which produced 92% of the world total (table).

Since most of the production for international trade is harvested in the wild,^[25][26] the business arrangement has been advanced as a model for generating income from a tropical forest without destroying it.^[25] The nuts are most often gathered by migrant workers known as castañeros (in Spanish) or castanheiros (in Portuguese).^[25] Logging is a significant threat to the sustainability of the Brazil nut-harvesting industry.^[25][26]

Analysis of tree ages in areas that are harvested shows that moderate and intense gathering takes so many seeds that not enough are left to replace older trees as they die.^[26] Sites with light gathering activities had many young trees, while sites with intense gathering practices had nearly none.^[27]

In 2003, the European Union imposed strict regulations on the import of Brazilian-harvested Brazil nuts in their shells, as the shells are considered to contain unsafe levels of aflatoxins, a potential cause of liver cancer.^[28]

Brazil nuts are susceptible to contamination by aflatoxins, produced by fungi, once they fall to the ground.^[29] Aflatoxins can cause liver damage, including possible cancer, if consumed.^[28] Aflatoxin levels have been found in Brazil nuts during inspections that were far higher than the limits set by the EU.^[30] However, mechanical sorting and drying was found to eliminate 98% of aflatoxins; a 2003 EU ban on importation^[28] was rescinded after new tolerance levels were set.

The nuts may contain traces of radium, a radioactive element, with a kilogram of nuts containing an activity between 40 and 260 becquerels (1 and 7 nanocuries). This level of radium is small, although higher than in other common foods. According to Oak Ridge Associated Universities, elevated levels of radium in the soil does not directly cause the concentration of radium, but "the very extensive root system of the tree" can concentrate naturally occurring radioactive material, when present in the soil.^{[31][unreliable source?]} Radium can be concentrated in nuts only if it is present in the soil.^[32]

Brazil nuts also contain barium, a metal with a chemical behavior quite similar to radium.^[33] While barium, if ingested, can have toxic effects, such as weakness, vomiting, or diarrhea,^[34] the amount present in Brazil nuts is orders of magnitude too small to have noticeable health effects.

Brazil nuts, dried, unblanched, shelled

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	2,743 kJ (656 kcal)
Carbohydrates	12.27 g
Starch	0.25 g
Sugars	2.33 g
Dietary fiber	7.5 g
Fat	66.43 g
Saturated	15.137 g
Monounsaturated	24.548 g
Polyunsaturated	20.577 g
Protein	14.32 g
Tryptophan	0.141 g
Threonine	0.362 g
Isoleucine	0.516 g
Leucine	1.155 g
Lysine	0.492 g
Methionine	1.008 g
Phenylalanine	0.630 g
Tyrosine	0.420 g
Valine	0.756 g
Arginine	2.148 g
Histidine	0.386 g
Alanine	0.577 g
Aspartic acid	1.346 g
Glutamic acid	3.147 g
Glycine	0.718 g
Proline	0.657 g
Serine	0.683 g
Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV† Thiamine (B1) 51% 0.617 mg Riboflavin (B2) 3% 0.035 mg Niacin (B3) 2% 0.295 mg Pantothenic acid (B5) 4% 0.184 mg Vitamin B6 6% 0.101 mg Folate (B9) 6% 22 μg Vitamin C 1% 0.7 mg Vitamin E 38% 5.73 mg Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 12% 160 mg Iron 14% 2.43 mg Magnesium 90% 376 mg Manganese 52% 1.2 mg Phosphorus 58% 725 mg Potassium 22% 659 mg Sodium 0% 3 mg Zinc 37% 4.06 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	3.48 g
Selenium	1917 μg
Beta-sitosterol	64 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[35] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[36]

Brazil nuts are 3% water, 14% protein, 12% carbohydrates, and 66% fats. The fat components are 16% saturated, 24% monounsaturated, and 24% polyunsaturated.^[37]

In a 100 grams (3.5 ounces) reference amount, Brazil nuts supply 659 calories, and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of dietary fiber (30% DV), thiamin (54% DV), vitamin E (38% DV), magnesium (106% DV), phosphorus (104% DV), manganese (57% DV), and zinc (43% DV). Calcium, iron, and potassium are present in moderate amounts (10–19% DV).

Brazil nuts are a particularly rich source of selenium, with just 28 g (1 oz) supplying 544 micrograms of selenium or 10 times the DV of 55 micrograms.^[37][38] However, the amount of selenium within batches of nuts may vary considerably.^[39]

The high selenium content is used as a biomarker in studies of selenium intake and deficiency.^[40][41] Consumption of just one Brazil nut per day over 8 weeks was sufficient to restore selenium blood levels and increase HDL cholesterol in obese women.^[41]

Brazil nut oil contains 48% unsaturated fatty acids composed mainly of oleic and linoleic acids, the phytosterol, beta-sitosterol,^[42] and fat-soluble vitamin E.^[43]

The following table presents the composition of fatty acids in Brazil nut oil:^[37]

Palmitic acid	10%
Palmitoleic acid	0.2%
Stearic acid	6%
Oleic acid	24%
Linoleic acid	24%
Alpha-linolenic acid	0.04%
Saturated fats	16%
Unsaturated fats	48%

The lumber from Brazil nut trees (not to be confused with Brazilwood) is of excellent quality, having diverse uses from flooring to heavy construction.^[44] Logging the trees is prohibited by law in all three producing countries (Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru). Illegal extraction of timber and land clearances present continuing threats.^[45] In Brazil, cutting down a Brazil nut tree requires previous authorization from the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources.^[46][47]

Brazil nut oil is used as a lubricant in clocks^[48] and in the manufacturing of paint and cosmetics, such as soap and perfume.^[44] Because of its hardness, the Brazil nutshell is often pulverized and used as an abrasive to polish materials, such as metals and ceramics, in the same way as jeweler's rouge, while charcoal from the shells can be used to purify water.^[44]

• Brazil nut cake
• List of culinary nuts
• Official list of endangered flora of Brazil
• Granular convection, also known as the "Brazil nut effect"