Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus

Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus (died before 216 BC) was a politician during the Roman Republic. Born into the prominent patrician family of the Manlii Torquati, he had a distinguished career, becoming censor in 247 BC, then twice consul in 244 and 241 BC, and possibly princeps senatus in 220 BC. Despite these prestigious magistracies, little is known about his life. He was a commander who served during the First Punic War, and might have pushed for the continuation of the war even after Carthage had sued for peace following the Roman victory at the Aegate Islands in 241 BC. The same year, he suppressed the revolt of the Faliscans in central Italy, for which he was awarded a triumph. At this occasion, he may have introduced the cult of Juno Curitis at Rome.

Atticus belonged to the patrician gens Manlia, one of the most important gentes of the Republic. Members of the family had held 9 consulships and 14 consular tribuneships before him.^[2] Atticus' father and elder brother—both named Titus—are not known, but his grandfather—also named Titus—was consul in 299 and died during his magistracy.^[3][4] Atticus was probably the uncle of his near-contemporary Titus Manlius Torquatus, like him twice consul in 235 and 224, censor in 231, and finally dictator in 208.^[5]

The cognomen Torquatus was first received by Atticus' great-great-grandfather Titus Manlius Imperiosus in 361 after he had defeated a Gaul in single combat, and took his torque as a trophy.^[6] The torque then became the emblem of the family, whose members proudly put it on the coins they minted. Imperiosus Torquatus was famous for his severity, by killing his own son after he had disobeyed him during a battle.^[7][8]

The agnomen Atticus is a reference to Attica and shows that he was influenced by the growing Philhellenism at Rome. He may have reached a good competence in Greek and showed it in his name.^[9] Several other prominent politicians adopted a Greek cognomen during the middle Republic, such as Quintus Publilius Philo or Quintus Marcius Philippus.^[10] The same cognomen was used two centuries later by Cicero's friend Titus Pomponius Atticus after his long residency in Athens.^[11]

Atticus' first mention in history is his election as censor in 247, alongside Aulus Atilius Caiatinus, a plebeian with a distinguished career (twice consul in 258 and 254, dictator in 249). During the third century, the Manlii and the Atilii were the allies of the great patrician gens Fabia and members of these three gentes are often found together in the Fasti. Moreover, one of the consuls of 247 was Numerius Fabius Buteo. Friedrich Münzer furthermore suggested that Atticus was married to a Fabia.^[12]

Atticus' accession to the censorship is exceptional because this magistracy was usually the pinnacle of a career at Rome, in theory reserved to former consuls (only six censors were in this situation between 312 and 31 BC).^[13] This election can be explained by the influence of the Fabii, as well as the dearth of available former patrician consuls in the context of the First Punic War, as experienced commanders were needed on the field and several consuls had died in battle. Caiatinus was likely the most influential of the pair, as Atticus was a younger man. He is additionally recorded as the censor prior in the Fasti, which means the Centuriate Assembly elected him before Atticus.^[12][14][15]

The censors completed the 38th lustrum and registered 241,212 Roman citizens, a sharp decline from the previous census (in 252), which numbered 297,797 citizens.^[16] The defeats at Drepana and Lilybaeum combined with war attrition took a heavy toll on the Roman citizenry.^[17] Finally, the censors drew the lectio—the list of senators—and named the princeps senatus. They might have chosen at this occasion Gnaeus Cornelius Blasio but it is also possible that he was appointed at the next lectio in 241.^[18]

Atticus was elected consul for the first time in 244 together with Gaius Sempronius Blaesus, a plebeian who had already been consul in 253.^[19] Atticus is described by Cassiodorus—who relied on Livy for his list of consuls—as the consul prior.^[20][21] Marcus Fabius Buteo was consul the previous year with another Atilius—Gaius Bulbus—and might have played a role in the election of Atticus and Blaesius.^[22] Nothing is known on their activity as consuls; they possibly served in Sicily, where most of the operations of the First Punic War took place that year.^[19] The two colonies of Brundisium and Fregenae were founded during their term.^[23][24]

Atticus was elected consul a second time in 241, alongside the plebeian Quintus Lutatius Cerco.^[25] The latter was the brother of Gaius Lutatius Catulus who won the Battle of the Aegate Islands at the end of his consulship, on 10 March 241 (magistrates took office on 1 May at that time).^[26][27][28] Cassiodorus and Eutropius (who also relied on Livy) tell that Cerco was the consul prior and Atticus posterior, but in the Fasti Capitolini Atticus was moved to first place.^[29][30][14] The Fasti were made under Augustus by the College of Pontiffs, whose members often moved their ancestors to first place in order to enhance the prestige of their family—a policy supported by Augustus who tried to revive several prominent patrician families—since being elected prior was the subject of great pride.^[31] The Augustan pontiff Aulus Manlius Torquatus was thus responsible for the promotion of Atticus in the Fasti, as well as several other members of his family.^[32][33]

Zonaras tells that Catulus made a first treaty with Hamilcar after his victory, a few days before the end of his consulship, so he could be the one who ended the war. However, he and Polybius add that the "people of Rome" rejected the treaty, so his brother Cerco negotiated harsher terms upon Carthage after he entered office.^[34][35] Adam Ziolkowski thinks that "the people" in fact showed its opposition by electing a consul who was against the treaty of Catulus; since Cerco could not have contradicted his brother, it means that the opposition came from Atticus, who wished to continue the war. Nevertheless, Atticus had to give way and accept making peace, but obtained additional clauses in the new treaty.^[36][37][38] This compromise might still have been considered too lenient towards Carthage by a faction in the senate, hence why Rome took Sardinia a few years later.^[39] Incidentally, Sardinia was conquered by Atticus' nephew Titus Manlius Torquatus in 235.

Cerco's and Atticus' consulship was marked by natural disasters in Rome, which according to Orosius "almost destroyed the City".^[40] He adds that the Tiber river overflowed and crushed all the buildings located in the plain. This flood was particularly devastating because at this time most buildings were made in wood and clay, which are vulnerable to water.^[41] A major fire also ravaged the Temple of Vesta and most of the area around the Forum. The Pontifex Maximus—Lucius Caecilius Metellus—almost died while trying to save the palladium from the burning temple.^[23] Ancient authors tell that the Faliscans—an Italic people living in Southern Etruria—revolted in order to take advantage of the situation.^[42][43][44] The real cause is more probably the expiration of a 50-year treaty concluded in 293.^[45] E. S. Staveley even considers that this war was part of a deliberate strategy from Rome to tighten its control of Etruria. He notes that the censors of 241 built the Via Aurelia which went northwards from Rome to Pisa and founded colonies in the area.^[46]

According to Zonaras, Atticus had some difficulties overcoming the Faliscans in his first battle against them, as they defeated his infantry; the cavalry nonetheless saved the situation. He had a better result in the second battle, which ended the campaign after only six days. The consuls seized the Faliscans' horses, slaves, arms, half of their territory and displaced their capital of Falerii to a defenceless location at Falerii Novii. Zonaras' account describes Atticus as sole commander, but Cerco and Atticus were both awarded a triumph for the victory, respectively celebrated on 1 and 4 March 240.^{[44][47][48][49]} The two consuls are also named together on a Faliscan bronze breastplate with an inscription saying "captured at Falerii" (as booty).^[50][51] The patron-goddess of Falerii was Iuno Curritis, whom Atticus brought to Rome by founding a temple dedicated to her on the Campus Martius (its exact location is still unknown), while Cerco founded the Temple of Fortuna Publica on the Quirinal Hill.^[52] Both consuls were likely fulfilling a vow to these goddesses that they had made on the battlefield.^[53]

Several ancient authors tell that Atticus' nephew—Titus Torquatus—closed the gate of the Temple of Janus, after his victorious campaign in Sardinia during his consulship of 235. This act symbolically meant that Rome and its neighbours were at peace. It was only the first time that the temple was closed since the reign of Numa Pompilius—the legendary second king of Rome—and remained so for eight years; its gates then stayed open until Augustus closed them again after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.^[54][55][56] However, as Livy says that this event took place "after the First Punic War", Tim Cornell and Staveley place it in 241, when Atticus was consul as it makes more sense to close the Temple of Janus at the end of a 23-year war than for a small campaign in Sardinia.^[57] The consensus nonetheless remains in favour of 235.^{[58][59][60][61]}

Atticus disappears from ancient sources after his second consulship. However, since Atticus was elected censor at a younger age than usual, he probably outlived the other former censors. Therefore, he may have been named princeps senatus during the lectio of 220, because before 208, the censors automatically appointed as such the former censor with the most seniority. The princeps senatus was the first senator to speak in the debates and was thus very influential in the Senate. The suggestion that Atticus was princeps was made by Francis Ryan on the assumption that Atticus was still alive in 220; he adds that he must have died before 216, when Marcus Fabius Buteo became princeps senatus.^[63][64]

Pliny tells that a former consul named Aulus Torquatus died while eating a cake.^[65] It could be Atticus, but Münzer favours the consul of 164, also named Aulus Torquatus.^[66]

Stemma taken from Münzer until "A. Manlius Torquatus, d. 208" and then Mitchell, with corrections. All dates are BC.^[67][68]