Aluminium sulfacetate
Aluminium sulfacetate is a mixture of aluminium salts dissolved in water with formula Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)
4.[1][2]
Uses
[edit]It is an evenly balanced mixture of aluminium sulfate and aluminium acetate. It can be used as a mordant, which is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics[3] that typically contains a polyvalent metal ion like aluminium or iron,[4] In mixtures with basic aluminium diacetate or aluminium sulfacetate, aluminium triacetate has been used as a mordant with alizarin dye.[1] In 1899, Albert Ganswindt recommended that the use of impure sulfacetates that are empyreumatic liquids "should be abandoned" in favour of pure preparations.[5] Empyreuma is an obsolete chemical and medical term referring to "the smell and taste associated with burning vegetable and animal matter",[6] and likely results in this case from the use of pyroligneous acid (wood acid) or wood acid lime in the preparation of the mordant.[5]
Preparation
[edit]A common approach to preparing aluminium sulfacetate is by reaction of aluminium sulfate with lead(II) acetate. The relative amount of each reagent controls the composition of the resulting mixture.[1] When the stoichiometric ratio of lead acetate to aluminium sulfate exceeds 3:1, the process is theoretically driven to completion and aluminium triacetate is the sole product. With less lead acetate, a mixture of aluminium triacetate and aluminium sulfacetate results that becomes increasingly rich in the latter as the reagent mole ratio approaches 2:1. This approach is used to form various mixtures for mordant applications:[1]
- Al
2(SO
4)
3 + 3 Pb(CH
3CO
2)
2 → 2 Al(CH
3CO
2)
3 + 3 PbSO
4
Basic aluminium sulfacetates can also be prepared, Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)
4 - n(OH)
n, with hydroxide anions replacing some acetate ions. The extreme cases are aluminium sulfacetate itself (n = 0) and the double salt of aluminium sulfate and aluminium hydroxide (n = 4 case, Al
2SO
4(OH)
4). Aluminium sulfacetate is made from the hydrates of aluminium sulfate and lead acetate:[2]
- Al
2(SO
4)
3•18H
2O + 2 Pb(CH
3CO
2)
2•3H
2O → Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)
4 + 2 PbSO
4 + 24 H
2O
The n = 1 and n = 2 cases, both of which are basic aluminium sulfacetates, are prepared using sodium bicarbonate along with the regents:[2]
- 2 Al
2(SO
4)
3•18H
2O + 3 Pb(CH
3CO
2)
2•3H
2O + 2 NaHCO
3 → Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)
3OH + 3 PbSO
4 + Na
2SO
4 + 2 CO
2 + 45 H
2O
- Al
2(SO
4)
3•18H
2O + Pb(CH
3CO
2)
2•3H
2O + 2 NaHCO
3 → Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)
2(OH)
2 + PbSO
4 + Na
2SO
4 + 2 CO
2 + 21 H
2O
The n = 3 case, also a basic aluminium sulfacetate, is prepared using acetic acid instead of lead acetate, along with sodium bicarbonate:[2]
- Al
2(SO
4)
3•18H
2O + CH
3COOH + 4 NaHCO
3 → Al
2SO
4(CH
3CO
2)(OH)
3 + 2 Na
2SO
4 + CO
2 + 19 H
2O
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d von Georgievics, Georg (2013). The Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres – Their Origin, Structure, Preparation, Washing, Bleaching, Dyeing, Printing and Dressing. Read Books. ISBN 9781447486121.
- ^ a b c d Hummel, J. J.; Knecht, Edmund (1888). Die Färberei und Bleicherei der Gespinnstfasern (in German). Springer-Verlag. pp. 116–118. ISBN 9783642912061.
- ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Mordant". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M04029
- ^ Llewellyn, Bryan D. (May 2005). "Stain Theory – How mordants work". Archived from the original on 14 August 2007.
- ^ a b Ganswindt, Albert (1889). Handbuch der Färberei und der damit verwandten vorbereitenden und vollendenden Gewerbe (in German). p. 270.
- ^ "Definition of empyreuma". Collins Dictionary. 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.